Curso RESERVORIOS I

CARACTERISTICAS DE ROCAS RESERVORIO

-Porosidad -Permeabilidad

POROSIDAD
-Es una medida que indica la relacin entre el espacio poral de la roca reservorio y el volumen total de la roca reservorio. -Se expresa en porcentaje.

Arenas consolidadas

PERMEABILIDAD
Es una medida que indica la facilidad de un fluido a fluir en una roca porosa. La unidad que la representa es el Darcy.

FLUIDOS DEL RESERVORIO

Fluidos en el reservorio
Gas Petrleo Agua

Petrleo
Densidad (API) Gradiente (psi / ft) Viscosidad (cp) Factor de volmen de formacin (Bo) Temperatura (F)

Agua de formacin
Corte de agua (%) Salinidad (ppm Cl) Gradiente (psi / ft) Viscosidad (cp) Factor de volmen de formacin (Bw) Temperatura (F)

Gas Natural
Composicin Relacin Gas Petrleo (GOR) Gradiente (psi / ft) Factor de volmen de formacin (Bg) Temperatura (F)

Formacion productiva
-Son aquellas rocas reservorio que mantienen fludos hidrocarburos entrampados en su interior.

Trampa para petrleo y gas

Condiciones.Roca fuente. Porosidad y permeabilidad. Tope y fondo con roca impermeable.

Tipos de reservorio

-Reservorio de arenisca -Reservorio de caliza

Porosity Determination from Logs Porosity Determination from Logs Most log interpretation techniques in use today use a bulk volume rock approach Quantitative rock data must be input into equations to derive values of phi and Sw. For example: Db = x Df + (1 - ) Dm Porosity is then derived: = (Dma - Db)/(Dma - Df) Values of matrix density are normally assumed: Dma = 2.65 for clean sand = 2.68 for limy sands or sandy limes = 2.71 for limestone = 2.87 for dolomite Fluid density is that of the mud filtrate: Df = 1.0 (fresh) = 1.0 = 0.73N (salt) Where: N = NaCl concentration, ppm x 10-6 Accurate knowledge of grain density is essential

Porosity at Net Overburden (NOB)

Increase in NOB can reduce porosity. Generally the reduction is <10% of total porosity. Less severe in consolidated rocks, more severe in unconsolidated rocks
Grain Density Measure the bulk volume of the sample. Weigh the sample. GD = Dry weight/Grain volume Most rocks are mixtures of minerals. The grain density of any rock is variable and is dependent on the mineralogy: 1.25gm/cc -- volcanic ash, some coals 2.65gm/cc -- clean, quartz sandstone 2.68gm/cc -- shaly sandstone with some carbonate 2.71gm/cc -- clean limestone 2.87 - >3.0gm/cc dolomite 2.32gm/cc -- gypsum 2.96gm/cc -- anhydrite 3.89gm/cc -- siderite Accurate values of grain density are important because grain density is used to correct wireline logs for potential sources of error

Fluid Saturations from Cores Through knowledge of porosity, permeability and residual fluid saturations (oil, water and gas), it is possible to predict with a high degree of accuracy the probable type of fluid which will be produced from a given interval. Review of the core fluorescence can also be an indicator of oil gravity and should be factored when type of production is predicted. DATA USE

Use of Routine Core Data of Routine Core Data Laboratory measurements of routine core properties (phi, k, saturation) are commonly used for the following purposes: to define pay, to interpret gas/oil and oil/water contacts, to estimate rate of production, to determine storage capacity and evaluate vertical sweep efficiency by secondary and tertiary recovery methods Wettability : Definitions : Water Wet the water phase is preferentially attracted to the surfaces of the grains and water occupies most of the small pores. Common in sandstones, especially those that contain some shale Oil Wet the oil phase is preferentially attracted to the grain surfaces and the oil occupies most of the small pores. Can occur in carbonates (particularly those with abundant small pores) and in some very clean (shale-free) sandstones Neutral Wet no preference for either water or oil Fractional Wettability certain areas of the rock are oil wet, others are water wet due to mineralogical changes or to changes in adsorption of the oil Mixed Wettability the larger pores contain oil (oil wet) and the smaller pores contain water (water wet). Common in carbonate reservoirs with heterogeneous pore geometry Formations generally increase in their degree of water wetness above 200C

Capillary Pressure (1) Capillary pressure exists in a hydrocarbon reservoir fundamentally because of differences in the density of various fluids that affect the pressure gradients: Pressure gradient of water = 0.44 psi/ft (density = 1gm/cc) Pressure gradient of oil = 0.33 psi/ft (density = 0.8gm/cc)* Pressure gradient of gas = 0.09 psi/ft (density = 0.2gm/cc)** * 30O API ** 5000psi As hydrocarbons accumulate in a trap, the difference in density between the fluids results in a vertical segregation of the fluids: gas on oil, oil on water For example, at 10,000ft, oil pressure = 3300 psi and water pressure = 4400 psi

Capillary Pressure Capillary pressure in reservoirs can be defined as the difference between the force acting downwards (hydrostatic head, related to density contrasts) and the force acting upwards (buoyancy, related to pore throat size, interfacial tension and contact angle) Capillary pressure is measured in the laboratory generally using plug samples or rotary sidewall cores. Occasionally cuttings samples are used In the most common type of test, a non-wetting phase fluid (e.g. mercury) is injected into the rock at slowly increasing values of pressure. The amount of fluid injected at each increment of pressure is recorded and is presented as a capillary curve

Capillary Pressure and Water Saturation (2) Reservoir Sw decreases with increasing height above the free water level (the level at which the reservoir produces only water) Zones that are at irreducible water saturation (Swirr) produce only hydrocarbons. Swirr occurs where sufficient closure and hydrocarbon column exist The transition zone occurs between the free water level and the Swirr level. Formations in this zone produce water and hydrocarbons The magnitude of the Swirr and the thickness of the transition zone are a function of the pore size distribution Small pore throats = low permeability = high Swirr

Initial Reservoir Fluid Distribution The amount of Sw at any height in the reservoir is a function of: Pore throat size, wettability, interfacial tension, saturation history and differences in fluid densities These variables control capillary pressure, therefore there is a relationship between Sw, h, Pc and pore throat size Laboratory measurements of capillary pressure are used to relate Sw to height above the free water level as long as appropriate values of laboratory and reservoir interfacial tension and contact angle are used Laboratory tests can be made with different fluids oil, brine, mercury

Capillary Pressure: : Static Measurement Static Method Mercury injection Widely used, rapid, economic and simple. Mercury is the non-wetting phase and is injected into a cleaned and evacuated core plug at successively increasing pressures from 0 to 60,000psi The core plug cannot be used for further testing because of residual Hg saturation Hg capillary pressure data must be scaled to reservoir conditions using the following formula: . Conversion factor = Mercury Pc = Sm Cos m Water-Air Pc Sw Cos w Where: Sm = surface tension of mercury Sw = surface tension of water m = contact angle of mercury against a solid (140 degrees) w = contact angle of water against a solid (0 degrees)

Capillary Pressure: Dynamic Measurement Dynamic Method -- Centrifuge Generally uses oil-brine fluid system but actual reservoir fluids can also be used Rapid, more complicated and more expensive than mercury Pc measurements Requires preserved or restored-state core plugs Large (2 inch) plugs are required. These can be used for further analysis Brine saturated samples are centrifuged at ever increasing speeds under oil to obtain a relationship between capillary pressure and saturation

Capillary Pressure: Rock Controls Pore geometry is a fundamental control on capillary pressure, in particular the size of the pore throats: the capillary pressure characteristics change with changes in Rock Type (pore geometry) In heterogeneous reservoirs, it is essential to collect capillary pressure data for each Rock Type that is present in the reservoir All other factors being equal, the lower the permeability the smaller the pore throats the higher the Pce and the higher the Swirr Capillary pressure data is used to determine the height above free water (column height) for each Rock Type and to improve the prediction of the type of fluid produced (hydrocarbon/water)

Use of Pc in Reservoir Simulation and Reservoir Characterization For purposes of simulation and characterization, it is necessary to know the Free Water Level (FWL) When FWL is known it is possible to predict Sw at any height in the reservoir even in areas that lack well penetrations This is particularly important in the following cases: Areas with long transition zones and no obvious FWL Areas with misidentified or unknown FWL Areas with unknown or incorrect Rw Areas where a, m and/or n are incorrect or unknown Areas with multiple Rock Types (where a, m,n and Sw vary as a function of Rock Type) In these situations, it is possible to solve for Sw using either the Pc curves or the Leverett J Function.

Clculo de Reservas de Petrleo y Gas

Definicin de Reservas

Petrleo crudo Gas: Gas Natural, Gas condensado Lquidos del Gas Natural Sustancias asociadas

Estimacin de Reservas

Basados en: Interpretacin de Datos de Ingeniera y/o Geologa disponibles a la fecha. Condiciones econmicas existentes como precios , costos y mercado.

RESERVAS FACTIBLES DE RECUPERAR

ENERGIA NATURAL (RECUPERACION PRIMARIA) METODOS DE RECUPERACION MEJORADA

Los Clculos de Reservas se pueden realizar:

Mtodos Volumtricos Balance de materiales Anlisis de Curva de Declinacin Simulacin de Reservorios

Mtodo Volumetrico
Mapa de curvas de nivel de la zona productiva (arena neta productiva).

Se emplean dos mtodos para determinar el volumen bruto: Trapezoidal V = h*( 0.5*A0 + A1+A2+A3+0.5*A4) Piramidal V = h (A0 + 4*A1+2*A2+4*A3+A4) 3

Mtodo Volumtrico - Reservorios de Petrleo

Para el clculo de petrleo insitu:

N = 7758*V**(1-Swi) / Boi Para STB el petrleo remanente:

Nf = 7758*V**(1-Swg) / Bo Nf = 7758*V**(1-Sw El Factor de recobro F.R. Sg) / :Bo F.R. = Np/N = 1 - Nf/N V = Volumen bruto en Acres*ft = Porosidad en fraccin Swi = Saturacin inicial de agua Fraccin Boi = Factor de volumen de formacin de petrleo inicial Bo = factor de volumen de formacin de petrleo final

Mtodo Volumtrico Reservorios de Gas

Para el clculo de gas insitu: G = 43560*V**(1-Swi) / Bgi
SCF Para el gas remanente:

Ga = 43560*V**(Sgr) / Bga
El Factor de recobro F.R. : F.R. = Gp/G =(Bga-Bgi)/Bgi

Mtodo Volumtrico - Reservorios de Gas Condensado

Mtodo 1. o = 141.5 / (131.5 + API) Mo= 6084/(API-5.9) mw = R g 28.97 + 350 o 379 nw = R + 350 o 379 Mo Mw = 0.07636 Rg + 350 o 0.002636 R + 350 o Mo w = Mw/28.97=Rg + 4584 o R + 132800o Mo

Encontramos la Tr y Pr y luego el valor de Z luego determinamos: Gw = 379 PV/ ZRT V = 43560 AH (1-Swi) R = 10.73 Psia-ft3 / lb-mol R Fraccin de gas: fg = R /(R + 132800o/Mo Cantidad de gas: G = Gw* fg Cantidad de lquidos N = Gw fg/R

Mtodo Volumtrico - Reservorios de Gas Condensado

Existe una grfica de Bo es Mtodo 2. funcin de: avg gas prod. = gt ; R SCF/STB, gt , st , gt = qps ps + qst st Temperatura reserv. qps + qst P reservorio , Conociendo STB a altas relaciones gas/petr cond./MMSCF y Cantidad de lquidos utilizando una grfica desarrollada por Standing N = 7758Ah (1-Swi)/ Bo podemos determinar una Cantidad de gas : G = Rsi* N relacin (R)= u/ gt y mediante la correlacin emprica desarrollada por Standing podemos encontrar Bo para reservorio de condensado.

Anlisis de Curvas de declinacin

Exponencial

Hiperblica Declinacin vara con rate instantaneo b <> 0 , b <> 1

Armnica Declinacin es directamente proporcional a la rate instantneo b=1

Lineal

CARACTERISTICAS

Declinacin es Constante

EXPONENTE

b=0

b=1

q=q
RELACION: Rate - Tiempo

i i e

-a t

q = q i ( 1 + b ai t )-1/bq = q i ( 1 + ai t )-1 q =qi(1 - ai t )

RELACION: Rate - Cumulative

qi - q Np = ai

qib 1-b - q1-b) i Np (1-b)a = (q i

qiln qi Np = ai (q )

(q1 - q2)t Np = 2

Tiempo de Abandono

ta =ln r
a

b - 1 ta r =

bai

r-1 ta = ai

1 ta 1 = - /r

ai

Anlisis de Curvas de declinacin

Aplicaciones Mecanismo PLOT

Hiperblico Exponencial

Gas Solucin Gas Solucin Intrusion agua con corte agua = 0 Intrusion agua con corte agua <> 0 Intrusion agua, donde produccion de fluido total permanece cte.

log (Np) vs log (q) Np vs q Np vs q

2

Lineal Np vs corte (petroleo/agua)

Exponencial

Np vs q

Armnica

Intrusin de agua de flanco Np vs q Impulsin capa gas con bajo GOR, gas solucion = 0 Impulsin capa gas con bajo GOR bajo gas en solucin

Lineal

Np vs 1/p

Hiperblico

log (Np) vs log (q)

b = 2,0

Impulsin capa gas Np vs GOR despues que GOC alcance Np vs Profundidad del GOC a los pozos productores

Ecuacin de Balance de Materiales Reservorios de Gas

Para el clculo tenemos: masa inicial- masa final final = masa Pi/zi removida ni - nf = n producido del reservorio P/z PiVi/ziRT - PfVf/zfRT = PscGp/RTsc Vf = Vi - We + WpBw GBgi -(G -Gp) Bgf = We + WpBw Reservorio volumtrico, no hay intrusin de agua entonces Vi=Vf Pf/zf = Pi/zi - Psc TGp/Tsc = b - m Gp

Gi

Gp MMM SCF

Ecuacin de Balance de Materiales Reservorios de Petrleo

Reservorios No saturado, produccin cerca al punto de Burbuja no hay intrusin de agua, Compresibilidad de la formacin y agua=0
PETROLEO AGUA

Pi

Reservorios No saturado, Vi = Vf ; Vi = N Boi ; Vf = Nf Bof = (N - Np) Bof produccin Luego: N Boi = (N - Np) Bof cerca al punto de Burbuja no hay intrusin agua , si N = Np Bof / (Bof - Boi ) efectos compresibilidades F.R. = (Bof - Boi )/ Bof Cf +w = Cf +CwSwi/ (1-Swi) N = Np Bof / (Bof - Boi (1Cw+f P)) F.R. = Bof - Boi (1- Cw+f P)/ Bof

Ecuacin de Balance de Materiales Reservorios de Petrleo

Pb
GAS

PETROLEO

PETROLEO

AGUA

AGUA

Pi Reservorios No saturado, produccin debajo al punto de Burbuja no hay intrusin de agua Vi = Vf = Vo + Vg; N Boi = (N - Np) Bof + Gf Bgf
Gf = Nrsi - (N-Np)Rs - NpRp siendo Rp = Gp/Np

Pf

N = Np [Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs)]/ [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs)] F.R.= [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs)]/ [ Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs)]
Si hay intrusin de agua:

Vi = Vf = Vo + Vg+ Vw Vw = We-BwWp N ={ Np [Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs)]- (We-BwWp)}/ [Bof - Boi + Bg(R

Ecuacin de Balance de Materiales Reservorios de Petrleo

Pb
GAS

PETROLEO

PETROLEO

AGUA

AGUA

Pi Reservorios No saturado, produccin debajo al punto de Burbuja no hay intrusin de agua, considerando la expansin del volumen poroso

Pf

N = Np [Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs)]/ [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs) + Cf+w Bo F.R.= [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs) + Cf+w Boi P ]/ [ Bof + Bg (R

Ecuacin de Balance de Materiales Reservorios de Petrleo

Pb
GAS GAS

PETROLEO

PETROLEO

AGUA

AGUA

Pi

Pf

Intrusin de agua. Reservorios saturado, produccin debajo al punto de Burbuja , intrusin de agua, considerando la expansin del volumen poroso m= Vgli/Voi Vi = Vf = Vo + Vgd + Vgl + Vw; Vgl = m N Boi [Bg - Bgi] / Bgi N = Np [Bof + Bg (Rp- Rs) - (We-BwWp) ]/ [Bof - Boi + Bg(Rsi-Rs) + m Boi [Bg

Simulacin de Reservorios
Fundamentalmente se basa en los principios fsicos de conservacin de masa, flujo de fluido y la conservacin de energa. Contiene un juego de ecuaciones que permiten describir el comportamiento de los fluidos en un reservorio. Los tipos de simuladores existentes: Black Oil , Composicional, Recuperacin Mejorada entre otros.. Es un estudio planeado y organizado para obtener buenos resultados, teniendo en consideracin: Geometra del reservorio Propiedades de roca y fluido Pruebas de presin Datos de produccin y completacin Diseo del modelo del reservorio Inicializacin del modelo del reservorio. Anlisis de sensibilidad del modelo Ajuste de historia Performance del reservorio