FLUID FLOW

IDEAL FLUID
BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
How can a plane fly?
How does a perfume spray work?
What is the venturi effect?
Why does a cricket ball swing or a baseball curve?
web notes: lect6.ppt flow3.pdf
Daniel Bernoulli (1700 1782)
Floating ball
A
1
A
2
v
1
v
2
A
1
v
1
Low speed
Low KE
High pressure
high speed
high KE
low pressure
Low speed
Low KE
High pressure
v small
v small
v large
p large p large
p small
In a serve storm how does a house loose its roof?
Air flow is disturbed by the house. The "streamlines" crowd around the top
of the roof faster flow above house reduced pressure above roof
than inside the house room lifted off because of pressure difference.
Why do rabbits not suffocate in the burrows?
Air must circulate. The burrows must have two entrances. Air flows across
the two holes is usually slightly different slight pressure difference
forces flow of air through burrow.
One hole is usually higher than the other and the a small mound is built
around the holes to increase the pressure difference.
Why do racing cars wear skirts?
velocity increased
pressure decreased
low pressure
high
pressure
(p
atm
)
VENTURI EFFECT
high speed
low pressure
force
force
What happens when two ships or trucks pass alongside each other?
Have you noticed this effect in driving across the Sydney Harbour Bridge?
artery
External forces causes
artery to collapse
Flow speeds up at
constriction
Pressure is lower
Internal force acting on
artery wall is reduced
Arteriosclerosis and vascular flutter
y
1
y
2
Ax
1
Ax
2
p
2
A
2
A
1
v
1
v
2

p
1
X
Y
time 1
time 2
m
m
Bernoullis Equation

for any point along a flow tube or streamline

p + v
2
+ g y = constant
Dimensions
p [Pa] = [N.m
-2
] = [N.m.m
-3
] = [J.m
-3
]

v
2
[kg.m
-3
.m
2
.s
-2
] = [kg.m
-1
.s
-2
] = [N.m.m
-3
] = [J.m
-3
]

g h [kg.m
-3
m.s
-2
. m] = [kg.m.s
-2
.m.m
-3
] = [N.m.m
-3
] = [J.m
-3
]

Each term has the dimensions of energy / volume or energy density.

v 2 KE of bulk motion of fluid

g h GPE for location of fluid

p pressure energy density arising from internal forces within
moving fluid (similar to energy stored in a spring)
y
1
y
2
Ax
1
Ax
2
p
2
A
2
A
1
v
1
v
2

p
1
X
Y
time 1
time 2
m
m
Mass element m moves from (1) to (2)

m = A
1
Ax
1
= A
2
Ax
2
= AV where AV = A
1
Ax
1
= A
2
Ax
2

Equation of continuity A V = constant

A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
A
1
> A
2
v
1
< v
2

Since v
1
< v
2
the mass element has been accelerated by the net force

F
1
F
2
= p
1
A
1
p
2
A
2
Conservation of energy

A pressurized fluid must contain energy by the virtue that work must
be done to establish the pressure.

A fluid that undergoes a pressure change undergoes an energy
change.
Derivation of Bernoulli's equation

AK = m v
2
2
- m v
1
2
= AV v
2
2
- AV v
1
2


AU = m g y
2
m g y
1
= AV g y
2
= AV g y
1
W
net
= F
1
Ax
1
F
2
Ax
2
= p
1
A
1
Ax
1
p
2
A
2
Ax
2

W
net
= p
1
AV p
2
AV = AK + AU
p
1
AV p
2
AV =
AV v
2
2
- AV v
1
2
+ AV g y
2
- AV g y
1

Rearranging

p
1
+ v
1
2
+ g y
1
= p
2
+ v
2
2
+ g y
2
Applies only to an ideal fluid (zero viscosity)
Ideal fluid
Real fluid
(1) Point on surface of liquid
(2) Point just outside hole
v
2
= ? m.s
-1
y
1
y
2
Flow of a liquid from a hole at the bottom of a tank
Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that Bernoulli's
equation can be applied

p
1
+ v
1
2
+ g y
1
= p
2
+ v
2
2
+ g y
2

A small hole is at level (2) and the water level at (1) drops
slowly v
1
= 0

p
1
= p
atm
p
2
= p
atm

g y
1
= v
2
2
+ g y
2

v
2
2
= 2 g (y
1
y
2
) = 2 g h h = (y
1
- y
2
)

v
2
= \(2 g h) Torricelli formula (1608 1647)

This is the same velocity as a particle falling freely through a
height h

(1)
(2)

m
h
v
1
=
?
How do you measure the speed of flow for a fluid?
Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that Bernoulli's equation
can be applied for the flow along a streamline

p
1
+ v
1
2
+ g y
1
= p
2
+ v
2
2
+ g y
2

y
1
= y
2

p
1
p
2
=
F
(v
2
2
- v
1
2
)

p
1
- p
2
=
m
g h

A
1
v
1
= A
2
v
2
v
2
= v
1
(A
1
/ A
2
)


m
g h =
F
{ v
1
2
(A
1
/ A
2
)
2
- v
1
2
} =
F
v
1
2
{(A
1
/ A
2
)
2
- 1}


m
1
2
1
F
2
2
1
g h
v
A
A

=

| |

`
|
\ .

)
C
B
A
D
y
A
y
B
y
C
How does a siphon
work?

How fast does the
liquid
come out?
Assume that the liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that
both the equation of continuity and Bernoulli's equation can
be used.
Heights: y
D
= 0 y
B
y
A
y
C
Pressures: p
A
= p
atm
= p
D


Consider a point A on the surface of the liquid in the
container and the outlet point D.
Apply Bernoulli's principle to these points

Now consider the points C and D and apply Bernoulli's
principle to these points

From equation of continuity v
C
= v
D

The pressure at point C can not be negative

p
A
+ v
A
2
+ g y
A
= p
D
+ v
D
2
+ g y
D

v
D
2
= 2 (p
A
p
D
) / + v
A
2
+ 2 g (y
A
- y
D
)

p
A
p
D
= 0 y
D
= 0 assume v
A
2
<< v
D
2

v
D
= \(2 g y
A
)
p
C
+ v
C
2
+ g y
C
= p
D
+ v
D
2
+ g y
D

v
C
= v
D
p
C
= p
D
+ g (y
D
- y
C
) = p
atm
+ g (y
D
- y
C
)

The pressure at point C can not be negative

p
C
> 0 and y
D
= 0

p
C
= p
atm
- g y
C
> 0 y
C
s p
atm
/ ( g)

For a water siphon

p
atm
~ 10
5
Pa g ~ 10 m.s
-1
~ 10
3
kg.m
-3

y
C
s 10
5
/ {(10)(10
3
)} m

y
C
s 10 m
A large artery in a dog has an inner radius of 4.0010
-3
m. Blood flows
through the artery at the rate of 1.0010
-6
m
3
.s
-1
. The blood has a
viscosity of 2.08410
-3
Pa.s and a density of 1.0610
3
kg.m
-3
.

Calculate:
(i) The average blood velocity in the artery.
(ii) The pressure drop in a 0.100 m segment of the artery.
(iii) The Reynolds number for the blood flow.

Briefly discuss each of the following:
(iv) The velocity profile across the artery (diagram may be helpful).
(v) The pressure drop along the segment of the artery.
(vi) The significance of the value of the Reynolds number calculated in
part (iii).

Semester 1, 2004 Exam question
Solution

radius R = 4.0010
-3
m

volume flow rate Q = 1.0010
-6
m
3
.s
-1

viscosity of blood q = 2.08410
-3
Pa.s

density of blood = 1.06010
-3
kg.m
-3


(i) Equation of continuity: Q = A v

A = t R
2
= t (4.0010
-3
)
2
= 5.0310
-5
m
2


v = Q / A = 1.0010
-6
/ 5.0310
-5
m.s
-1
= 1.9910
-2
m.s
-1


(ii) Poiseuilles Equation
Q = AP t R
4
/ (8 q L) L = 0.100 m

AP = 8 q L Q / (t R
4
)

AP = (8)(2.08410
-3
)(0.1)(1.0010
-6
) / {(t)(4.0010
-3
)
4
} Pa
AP = 2.07 Pa

(iii) Reynolds Number
R
e
= v L / q where L = 2 R (diameter of artery)
R
e
= (1.06010
3
)(1.9910
-2
)(2)(4.0010
-3
) / (2.08410
-3
)
Re = 81
use diameter not length

Flow of a viscous newtonain fluid through a pipe
Velocity Profile
Adhesive forces between fluid and surface fluid
stationary at surface
Parabolic velocity
profile
Cohesive forces
between molecules
layers of fluid slide past
each other generating
frictional forces
energy dissipated (like
rubbing hands together)

(iv) Parabolic velocity profile: velocity of blood zero at sides of artery

(v) Viscosity internal friction energy dissipated as thermal energy
pressure drop along artery

(vi) Re very small laminar flow (R
e
< 2000)