Graphical Analysis

Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

The following data is collected when customers contact customer service Where should you focus your improvement efforts?
Parts not received Name misspelled Check balance Check status of request Change address Statement error Dealer number incorrect Wrong address Change address

Parts not received

Parts not received Parts not received Parts not received
Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

Car never received

Check status of request Statement error Statement error

Error on invoice
Error on invoice Check status of request Wrong address Error on invoice
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Check status of request Car not received

Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Pareto Chart
60 40 20 0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 80

Defect
Count Percent Cum %
40 40.8 40.8 22 22.4 63.3 19 19.4 82.7 12 12.2 94.9 5 5.1 100.0

A bar chart for non-numerical categories which has its bars in decreasing height from left to right
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Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

Percent

Count

Cumulative line

Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Pareto Chart
Why Use It ?
To focus efforts on the problems that offer the greatest potential for improvement by showing their relative frequency or size in a descending bar graph

What Does It Do?

Helps a team to focus on those causes that will have the greatest impact if solved Based on the proven Pareto principle: 20% of the sources cause 80% of any problem Displays the relative importance of problems in simple, quickly interpreted format Progress is measured in a highly visible format that provides incentive to push on for more improvement Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Histogram
The following data represents measurements for a CTQ with upper and lower specification limits of 2 and 6 respectively. How are you doing at meeting your customers expectations?
5.31 5.57 2.70 2.91 3.06 1.59 6.20 4.68 5.87 2.06
Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

3.84 4.16 2.80 3.09 4.64 5.51 4.14 4.89 3.05 3.33

3.36 5.39 3.46 5.84 3.38 3.39 3.97 3.83 4.27 4.35

3.33 4.27 3.31 4.12 4.67 4.78 3.87 3.86 2.55 2.97
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Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Histogram
Frequency
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0

C1 A Histogram is A bar chart for numerical classes and its bars need not be in descending order

Now the question is easier to answer!

Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Histogram
What Does It Do? Shows the relative frequency of occurrence of the various data values Reveals the centering, variation, and shape of the data Provides useful information for predicting future performance of the process Helps to indicate if there has been a change in the process Helps answer the question, Is the process capable of meeting my customer requirements? Displays large amounts of data that are difficult to interpret in tabular form
Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Histogram
Why Use It? To summarize data from a process that has been collected over a period of time, and graphically present its frequency distribution in a bar form To give a quick estimate of the process center, spread, and shape

Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Run Chart
The following data is collected from a critical process step. How is the process performing? Has there been a shift in the process with time?
Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

% Defective Accounts 0.04 0.038 0.037 0.041 0.039 0.042 0.041 0.043 0.042 0.044 0.039 0.045 0.044 0.043 0.046 0.04 0.047 0.042 0.046
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Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Run Chart
Used as a primary metric chart
% Defective Accounts
0.047

0.042

0.037 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Hour

A time series plot is a chart that shows trends in data over time

Now the question is easier to answer!

Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

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Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis Run Chart

Why Use It ? To allow a team to study observed data (a performance measure of a process) for trends or patterns over a specified period of time What Does It Do? Monitors the performance of one or more processes over time to detect trends or patterns over a specified period of time Allows a team to compare a performance measure before and after implementation of a solution to measure its impact Tracks useful information for predicting trends

Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

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Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis Scatter Plot

Is there a relationship between cycle time in days and % defective addresses? If so, how strong is this relationship?
Cycle Time in days
108 102 72 68 63 61 60 60 59 53 47 42 40 36 36 34 31 31 27 25 25

% Defective Addresses
4.7% 4.5% 3.6% 3.6% 3.6% 3.6% 3.8% 2.7% 3.3% 2.6% 2.5% 1.4% 2.2% 1.3% 2.1% 1.7% 0.5% 1.4% 1.2% 1.3% 1.3%
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Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Scatter Plot
5.0% 4.5%

Correlation Analysis Cycle Time and % Defective Addresses

% Defective Addresses

4.0%
3.5% 3.0% 2.5% 2.0% 1.5% 1.0% 0.5% 0.0% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Cycle Time in days - (list pull to mail drop)

A standard plot or scatter diagram shows a relationship between 2 variables

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Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

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Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Scatter Plot
Why Use It ? Produces a scatter plot that shows the relationship between two variables graphically

Y DATA

X DATA
Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

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Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis Correlation vs. Causality

Beware Just because two variables are correlated does not mean that one variable causes the other
250

Number of Storks

200

150

55

65

75

Population (in thousands)

A plot of the population of Oldenburg at the end of each year against the number of storks in that year, 1930-1936 Statistics for Experimenters by Box, Hunter and Hunter
Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

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Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis Boxplot

The following data represents customer service representatives and the number of new accounts opened by them per day for 10 days. Do the customer service representatives yield the same # of accounts Customer Rep # of accounts results? Customer Rep
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3/022 18 17 20 19 15 18 19 17 20 16 20 19 18 15 18 18 14 10 17 20 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 18 20 19 19 14 16 17 19 19 17 14 17 20 16 19 14 17 16 22 16

Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0

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Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis Boxplot

24 23 22 21 20

Outlier Maximum Observation 75th Percentile

OAL

19 18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4

Median (50th Percentile)

25th Percentile
Minimum Observation Head Number

A Boxplot depicts measures of the distribution that allow comparison of various distributions

Now the question is easier to answer!

Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

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Characterization Tools Graphical Analysis

Boxplot
Why Use It? To give you a graphical summary of values and help you identify extreme values What Does It Do? Represents roughly the middle 50% of the data in the rectangular box Represents the general extent of the data via lines or whiskers extending from either side Marks outliers (observations far from the rest of the data)

Visteon Corporation Mod #5 Rev 1.0 3/02

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