Eucaryotic Cell

transport proteins

Proteins move..
Ribosomes-synthesize proteins

Sorting signals- short amino acid sequences

Direct delivery to locations in cytosol 3 mechanisms operate in the cytosol

Protein traffic road map

Gated Transport
Cytosol to Nucleus
NPC-Selective gates Actively transport Macromolecules & Macromolecular assemblies

Transmembrane transport

Protein translocators

Directly transport from cytosol

Coolie...

Vesicular Transport
Membrane enclosed transport Ferry proteins Bud & Pinch off Fuse & Discharge

Navigators for proteins!!!

Signal sequences direct proteins

15-60 amino acid residue @ Nterminus

Internal sequence-as well

Multiple internal amino acid sequences- Signal Patch

What Signals...
Each sequence specifies a particular destination in the cell

To ER-5-10 hydrophobic amino acids @ N-terminus But ER residents have 4 amino acids @ C-terminus!!!

To Mitochodria-positively charged alternate with hydrophobic amino acids

To Peroxisomes-3 characteristic amino acid @ Nterminus

FYI the Sequences...

Finally
Signal sequences are necessary & sufficient for protein targeting Even though amino acid sequences can vary greatly, the signal sequences of all proteins having the same destination are functionally interchangeable; Hydrophobicity-is important in the signal recognition process than the exact amino acid sequence

So if sorting signals...
Complementary Sorting Receptors available too

Sequences recognized by complementary sorting receptors guide to appropriate destinations for unloading Function catalytically? after 1 round of targeting, return to origin for reuse

Recognize classes of proteins rather individual protein species

Hence are public transportation systems-dedicated to delivering different components to their correct location

Economical
After 1 round of targeting, return to origin for reuse Recognize classes of proteins rather individual protein species Hence are public transportation systemsdedicated to delivering different components to their correct location

Between Nucleus & Cytosol

Nuclear envelope encloses DNA & defines nuclear compartment
2 concentric membranes-Outer nuclear (ONM) & Inner nuclear(INM)

Penetrated by nuclear pore complexes

ONM & INM are continuous Maintain distinct protein compositions INM proteins act as Anchoring sites for chromatin & nuclear lamina Nuclear lamina- protein meshwork provides structural support for nuclear envelope

ONM is continuos with ER studded with ribosomes

Perinuclear spacebetween ONM & INM

Contains proteins synthesized by RER

Bidirectional Traffic
From Cytosol to Nucleus

Histones, DNAP & RNAP Gene regulatory proteins RNA Processing proteins

Bidirectional Traffic
From Nucleus to Cytosol

mRNA, tRNA to cytosol Ribosomal particles composed of ribosomal proteins, ribosomal RNA assembled in nucleus & exported

Nuclear Pore Complexes

Nuclear pore complexes

Large elaborate structures Perforate nuclear envelope of all eucaryotes NPC- molecular mass of 125 million daltons Composed of NPC Proteins

Nuclear Pore Complexes

Nucleoporinsmultiple copies
Arranged with a striking Octagonal symmetry

Nuclear Pore Complexes

Each mammalian cell contains 30004000 NPCs Enormous traffic 500/NPC/sec (WOW) & its bidirectional

How it co-ordinates the bidirectional flow of macromolecules to avoid congestion & head-on collision is not known!!!

Nuclear Import Receptors