BIOLOGY

CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS Fourth Edition

Neil A. Campbell Jane B. Reece Lawrence G. Mitchell Martha R. Taylor

CHAPTER 5 The Working Cell

Modules 5.5 5.9
From PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HOW ENZYMES WORK 5.5 Enzymes speed up the cells chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers

For a chemical reaction to begin, reactants must absorb some energy

This energy is called the energy of activation (EA) This represents the energy barrier that prevents molecules from breaking down spontaneously

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 A protein catalyst called an enzyme can decrease the energy barrier

Reactants

Products

Figure 5.5A
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Enzyme

EA barrier

Reactants

EA with enzyme

EA without enzyme Net change in energy

Products

Figure 5.5B
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5.6 A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction Enzymes are selective
This selectivity determines which chemical reactions occur in a cell

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

 How an enzyme works

Enzyme (sucrase)

Active site

Substrate (sucrose)

Glucose

Fructose

1 Enzyme available with empty active site

4
Products are released

3 Substrate is converted to products

Figure 5.6

Substrate binds to enzyme with induced fit

The enzyme is unchanged and can repeat the process

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5.7 The cellular environment affects enzyme activity Enzyme activity is influenced by
temperature
salt concentration pH

Some enzymes require nonprotein cofactors

Some cofactors are organic molecules called coenzymes
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

5.8 Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action Inhibitors interfere with enzymes
A competitive inhibitor takes the place of a substrate in the active site A noncompetitive inhibitor alters an enzymes function by changing its shape
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Substrate

Active site

Enzyme

NORMAL BINDING OF SUBSTRATE Competitive inhibitor Noncompetitive inhibitor

ENZYME INHIBITION Figure 5.8

5.9 Connection: Some pesticides and antibiotics inhibit enzymes Certain pesticides are toxic to insects because they inhibit key enzymes in the nervous system Many antibiotics inhibit enzymes that are essential to the survival of disease-causing bacteria
Penicillin inhibits an enzyme that bacteria use in making cell walls

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings