MODULE O3 TEKTONIKA

GERAK DAN SIFAT INTERAKSI LEMPENG LITOSFERIK

PLATE TECTONIC
Plate tectonics (from the Greek word for "one who constructs and destroys", , tekton) is a theory of geology developed to explain the phenomenon of continental drift and is currently the theory accepted by the vast majority of scientists working in this area. In the theory of plate tectonics the outermost part of the Earth's interior is made up of two layers: the outer lithosphere and the inner asthenosphere.

PLATE TECTONIC
Earthquakes volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate boundaries (most notably around the Pacific Ring of Fire).

PLATE TECTONIC

PLATE TECTONIC
The lithosphere essentially "floats" on the asthenosphere and is broken-up into ten major plates: African, Antarctic, Australian, Eurasian, North American, South American, Pacific, Cocos, Nazca, and the Indian plates. These plates (and the more numerous minor plates) move in relation to one another at one of three types of plate boundaries: convergent (or destructive, two plates push against one another), divergent (or constructive, two plates move away from each other), and transform (two plates slide past one another).

PLATE TECTONIC
The division of the Earth's interior into lithospheric and asthenospheric components is based on their mechanical differences. The lithosphere is cooler and more rigid, whilst the asthenosphere is hotter and mechanically weaker. This division should not be confused with the chemical subdivision of the Earth into (from innermost to outermost) core, mantle, and crust. The key principle of plate tectonics is that the lithosphere exists as separate and distinct tectonic plates, which "float" on the fluid-like asthenosphere. The relative fluidity of the asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates to undergo motion in different directions.

Plate Tectonics
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by Mantle Plume Hot Spot Tracks and Age-Dating of Rocks

Plate Tectonics
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites
Directions of Motion and Plate Velocities Determined by GPS (Global Positioning System) Satellites

Plate Tectonics
Earths Tectonic Plates
North American North American Eurasian
Arabian Juan de Fuca Caribbean

Pacific
Philippine

Cocos

Nazca Pacific

South American

African
Indo Australian

Antarctic

Scotian

Antarctic

Plate Tectonics

What drives Plate Tectonics???

What drives plate motions

Forces that drive plate motion
Slab-pull Cold, dense slabs of subducted oceanic lithosphere pull the plate towards the subduction zone Ridge-push The higher elevation of spreading centers result in oceanic lithosphere wanting to move downhill, away from the ridge Far less important than slab-pull Mantle drag and plate resistance Can act to increase or decrease plate motion

Mantle convection provides the primary drive for plate tectonics

What drives plate motions

Models of plate-mantle convection Any model must be consistent with observed physical and chemical properties of the mantle Horizontal movement of plates causes mantle upwelling Models Layering at 660 km Explains why basalts erupted at mid-ocean ridges are different (more evolved, relatively shallow source) compared to those erupted at hot-spots (more primitive, deeper source). We know that subducting slabs descend beneath 660 km

What drives plate motions

Whole-mantle convection Would mix the entire mantle in the space of a few hundred million years, removing heterogeneities

What drives plate motions

Deep-layer model Lava lamp model Two layers swell and shrink in a complex fashion in response to heat from the Earths interior

Plate Tectonics

Internal Heat

Plate Tectonics
Divergent Boundary

Results in the formation of Oceanic Crust

Plate Tectonics
Transform Boundary

Plate Tectonics
Convergent Boundary: Subduction

Melting Produces More Felsic Magma

Results in the formation & growth of Continental Crust and destruction of Oceanic Crust

Plate Tectonics
Convergent Boundary: Collision

Results in the growth of Continental Crust

Arc-Trench systems

23

Trench roll-back

Arc-Trench systems

24

Types of arc-trench system

Arc-Trench systems

25

BASIC PLATE TECTONICS Revised

Earths lithosphere is broken into 12-24 rigid plates Plates move about 1-10 cm/yr on the plastic Asthenosphere Geology happens where the plates interact with one another along Divergent, Transform, Subduction and Collisional Boundaries