Internal guide: Mr. S.M.M.

MUDASSIR Associate Professor , EEE Dept , DCET

By

1. MOHMMED IMRAN 2. MOHAMMED MUJAHED KHAJA 3. S.MOHAMMED OSMAN

Roll No:1603-107-34024 Roll No:1603-107-34033 Roll No:1603-107-34035

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*Power factor (PF) is defined as the ratio of the real power (P) to
apparent power (S), or the cosine (for pure sine wave for both current and voltage) that represents the phase angle between the current and voltage waveforms.

*The power factor can vary between 0 and 1, and can be either
inductive (lagging) or capacitive (leading) Some of the benefits of improving your power factor include:

*Eliminating the power factor penalty *Increased system capacity and reduced system losses in your
electrical system

*Reducing peak KW billing demand

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*The project aims in maintaining power factor near to 1 with the
help capacitors banks which is disturbed after introducing inductive loads into the system.

*The method used to correct the power factor is installing of

capacitor banks.

*Installing capacitors decreases the magnitude of reactive power

(KVAR), thus increasing your power factor.

*Incase of balanced circuit, all the energy released by the

inductor is absorbed by the capacitor.

Regulated power supply LED indicators

LCD LCD driver Crystal Oscillator

Micro controller 230V Power supply

Zero-Crossing Detector sensor Current transformer

Relay unit

Capacitors bank

Resistive load

Inductive load Switches

Potential Transformer

Operation circuit

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*Microcontroller *Regulated Power Supply *Crystal Oscillator *LED indicators *Potential transformer *Current transformer *Zero crossing detector *Relay unit *LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

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*Microcontrollers
computers. are special purpose

*The

Microcontroller includes a CPU, RAM,ROM,I/O ports, Timers etc.., like a standard computer, but on a single silicon chip. based systems are designed to perform a specified task. Microcontroller used in the project is PIC Microcontroller developed by Microchip Incorporation

*Microcontroller *The

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*PIC Microcontrollers requires a 5V DC for its operation.
*The aim of this block is to convert battery voltage to 5V DC. *The process of conversion is shown below:

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*An oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces
a repetitive electronic signal.

*The maximum operating frequency of PIC

Microcontrollers is 20 MHz.

*Crystal oscillator is used in the project because of

the fact that crystal is more stable to temperature than other types of oscillators.

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LED (Light Emitting Diode) is a semiconductor light source used as indicators.

In this project we are using LED indicators for checking Microcontroller working status and various status indications.
This usually works on 2 volts, 10 mA.

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* We are making use of PT (potential transformer) for
capturing the zero-crossing point of voltage wave form.

* PT converts the high voltage AC to a low voltage

measurable quantity.

* PT of type step-down transformer.

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* CT are used for current measurements. * We are making use of CT (current transformer) for capturing the
zero-crossing point of current wave form.

* CT is of type step-up transformer.

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*Zero crossing detection is the process of finding the variation of
waveform from zero as reference point.

*In this project this is used to find out whether both current and
voltage wave forms are leading or lagging or in phase with each other.

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*A relay operation depends upon the
electromagnetic effects of current flowing in an energizing winding.

*Relay is used for controlling high voltage

device using low voltage signal.

*This works on electromagnetic principle. *Relay takes the commands from the
(microcontroller) control unit.

*It controls the high voltage electrical

devices like Lamp, Fan, Water pump, Circuit breaker etc.

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*A liquid
crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals.

*The LCD display used in the project is 16X2. *We use this display to show the power factor.

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Advantages of power factor correction includes:

*Saves money on utility bills * Increases internal electrical system capacity * Improve voltage drop at point of use

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* Investment is more for extra capacitors. * The control circuit will draw some power
continuously.

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*Industry motors. *Irrigation pump sets.

*References
[1] Narendran, N. Requirements for solid-state lighting Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, 2004. (CLEO). Vol 1, 2004 [2] DOE Solid-State Lighting CALiPER Program Summary of Results: Round 7 of Product Testing (PDF). U.S. Department of Energy. February 2009. [3] Wei Xiong ; Stankovic, A.V.; Nerone, L.R. Modeling and Design of LComplementary Self-Oscillating Class D Inverter With Output Voltage Clamping IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, vol. 49, no. 2, April 2013, pp. 731 738 [4] Cosby, M.C., Jr. Nelms, R.M., A Resonant Inverter for Electronic Ballast Applications IEEE Trans. on Industrial Electronics, vol. 41, no. 4, Aug 1994, pp. 418-425 [5] Kazimierczuk, M.K. ; Szaraniec, W. Electronic ballast for fluorescent lamps IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, vol. 8, no. 4, 1993, pp. 386 - 395