Protokol Dan Konsep Routing: Eigrp

Protokol Dan Konsep Routing
EIGRP Chapter 9
ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1
2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Objektif
Menerangkan tentang latarbelakang dan sejarah Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP).
Mengenalpasti arahan asas konfigurasi EIGRP dan tujuannya

Mengira composite metric menggunakan EIGRP.
Menerangkan konsep dan operasi DUAL.

Menerangkan penggunaan penambahan arahan konfigurasi dalam EIGRP.
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Pengenalan
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Istilah yang perlu tahu MUST KNOW

RIPng Weights Hold time TLV Neighbor Table Internal routes External routes OP Code IPv6 K values Reliability Load Delay
PDM
RTP Unicast Multicast Hello packet Adjacencies DUAL
Routing Table
Topology Table Bounded Updates Summary routes Quan zeros AS Wildcard mask
Bandwidth
Successor Feasible Distance RD FC Feasible Successor FSM
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IANA
Null 0
EIGRP
Sejarah EIGRP: IGRP
-dibagunkan pada tahun 1985 bermula dengan RIPv1s hop count yang terhad -Distance vector routing protocol -IGRP menggunakan metrik bandwidth (used by default) Delay (used by default) reliability load
- IGRP tidak dapat disokong dengan IOS 12.2(13)T & 12.2(R1s4)S
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EIGRP
Format mesej EIGRP EIGRP Header
Data link frame header mengndungi sumber dan alamat destinasi MAC IP packet header - mengndungi sumber dan alamat destinasi IP
EIGRP packet header - mengandungi nombor AS

Type/Length/Field - data portion of EIGRP message
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EIGRP
EIGRP packet header contains

Opcode field Autonomous System number
EIGRP Parameters contains

Weights
Hold time
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EIGRP
TLV: IP internal contains

Metric field Subnet mask field Destination field
TLV: IP external contains

Fields used when external
routes are imported into EIGRP routing process
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EIGRP
Protocol Dependent Modules (PDM)
EIGRP menggunakan PDM to route several different protocols i.e. IP, IPX & AppleTalk PDMsbertanggungjawab kepada tugas routing yang spesifik bagi setiap lapisan protokol rangkaian
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EIGRP
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
Tujuan RTP
Digunakan oleh EIGRP untuk menghantar dan menerima EIGRP packets
Ciri-ciri RTP
Melibatkan penghantaran yang boleh dipercayai(reliable) dan tidak boleh dipercayai (unreliable) oleh EIGRP packet Memerlukan penghantaran yang boleh dipercayai Pengesahan daripada destinasi
Penghantaran yang tidak boleh dipercayai tidak memerlukan pengesahan dari destinasi
Paket akan menghantar Unicast
Multicast
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EIGRP
5 Jenis Paket EIGRPs
Hello packets
Used to discover & form adjacencies with neighbors
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EIGRP
Update packets
Digunakan untuk menyebarkan maklumat routing Acknowledgement packets
Digunakan untuk mengakui penerimaan paket update, pertanyaan & jawapan
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EIGRP
Query & Reply packets
Digunakan oleh DUAL untuk carian rangkaian Query packets -boleh menggunakan Unicast
Multicast
Reply packet -hanya menggunakan unicast
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EIGRP
Tujuan Hello Protocol
To discover & establish adjacencies with neighbor routers
Ciri-ciri hello protocol

Time interval for sending hello packet Most networks it is every 5 seconds Multipoint non broadcast multi-access networks Unicast every 60 seconds -Holdtime This is the maximum time router should wait before declaring a neighbor down Default holdtime 3 times hello interval
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EIGRP
EIGRP Bounded Updates EIGRP only sends update when there is a change in route status Partial update
A partial update includes only the route information that has changed the whole routing table is NOT sent
Bounded update
When a route changes, only those devices that are impacted will be notified of the change
EIGRPs use of partial bounded updates minimizes use of bandwidth
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EIGRP
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL)
Purpose EIGRPs primary method for preventing routing loops Advantage of using DUAL Provides for fast convergence time by keeping a list of loopfree backup routes
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EIGRP
Administrative Distance (AD)
Defined as the trustworthiness of the source route
EIGRP default administrative distances

Summary routes = 5 Internal routes = 90 Imported routes = 170
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EIGRP
Authentication
EIGRP can
Encrypt routing information Authenticate routing information
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EIGRP
Network Topology
Note the ISP router
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EIGRP
EIGRP will automatically summarize routes at classful boundaries
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EIGRP
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Basic EIGRP Configuration

Autonomous System (AS) & Process IDs
This is a collection of networks under the control of a single authority (reference RFC 1930) AS Numbers are assigned by IANA
Entities needing AS numbers ISP Internet Backbone prodiers Institutions connecting to other institutions using AS numbers
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Konfigurasi asas EIGRP

EIGRP autonomous system number actually functions as a process ID
Process ID represents an instance of the routing protocol running on a router Example

Router(config)#router eigrp autonomous-system
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Arahan router eigrp
The global command that enables eigrp is

router eigrp autonomous-system -All routers in the EIGRP routing domain must use the same process ID number (autonomous-system
number)
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Arahan Network Fungsi arahan network
Membolehkan pengemaskinian antaramuka untuk menghantar & menerima EIGRP Pengemaskinian dalam EIGRP termasuk rangkaian & subnet Router(config-router)#network network-address
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Arahan rangkaian dengan Wildcard Mask -Pilihan ini digunakan apabila anda hendak mengkonfigurasi EIGRP untuk mengiklan subnets tertentu --Example
Router(config-router)#network network-address [wildcard-mask]
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Pengesahan EIGRP EIGRP routers must establish adjacencies with their neighbors before any updates can be sent or received Command used to view neighbor table and verify that EIGRP has established adjacencies with neighbors is show ip eigrp neighbors
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EIGRP
The show ip protocols command is also used to verify that EIGRP is enabled
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Examining the Routing Table
Arahan show ip route untuk pengesahan EIGRP EIGRP routes akan ditandakan dengan huruf D di dalam jadual routing By default , EIGRP automatically summarizes routes at major network boundary
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Introducing the Null0 Summary Route
Null0 is not a physical interface In the routing table summary routes are sourced from Null0 Reason: routes are used for advertisement purposes EIGRP will automatically include a null0 summary route as child route when 2 conditions are met At least one subnet is learned via EIGRP Automatic summarization is enabled
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R3s routing table shows that the 172.16.0.0/16 network is automatically summarized by R1 & R3
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Pengiraan metrik EIGRP

EIGRP Composite Metric & the K Values
EIGRP uses the following values in its composite metric

-Bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load
The composite metric used by EIGRP

formula used has values K1 K5 K1 & K3 =1 all other K values = 0
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Use the sh ip protocols command to verify the K values
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EIGRP Metrics arahan show interfaces untuk menunjukkan metrik EIGRP Metrics
Bandwidth EIGRP menggunakan bandwidth statik untuk mengira metrik Kebanyakkan antaramuka siri (serial interface) menggunakan nilai default bandwidth 1.544Mbos (T1)
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EIGRP Metrics Delay jarak masa yang diperlukan oleh satu paket untuk merentasi route -merupakan nilai statik berdasarkan jenis link antaramuka yang berkaitan
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Reliability (not a default EIGRP metric)
-A measure of the likelihood that a link will fail -Measure dynamically & expressed as a fraction of 255 the higher the fraction the better the reliability
Load (not a default EIGRP metric)

A number that reflects how much traffic is using a link Number is determined dynamically and is expressed as a fraction of 255 The lower the fraction the less the load on the link
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Menggunakan arahan Bandwidth
Mengubahsuai antaramuka bandwidth

-menggunakan arahan bandwidth -contoh Router(config-if)#bandwidth kilobits
pengesahan bandwidth
Menggunakan arahan show interface
Note bandwidth command does not change the links physical bandwidth
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The EIGRP metric can be determined by examining the
bandwidth delay
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EIGRP uses the lowest bandwidth (BW)in its metric calculation Calculated BW = reference BW / lowest BW(kbps) Delay EIGRP uses the cumulative sum of all outgoing interfaces Calculated Delay = the sum of outgoing interface delays EIGRP Metric = calculated BW + calculated delay
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Konsep DUAL
Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) diguinakan untuk mengelakkan looping
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Konsep DUAL
Successor
The best least cost route to a destination found in the routing table
Feasible distance
The lowest calculated metric along a path to a destination network
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Konsep DUAL
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition & Reported Distance Feasible Successor
-This is a loop free backup route to same
destination as successor route
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Konsep DUAL
Feasible Successors, Feasibility Condition & Reported Distance Reported distance (RD)
-The metric that a router reports to a neighbor about its own cost to that network
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Konsep DUAL
Feasibility Condition (FC)
-Met when a neighbors RD is less than the local routers FD to the same destination network
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Konsep DUAL
EIGRP Topology Table dissected
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Konsep DUAL
Topology Table: No Feasible Successor
A feasible successor may not be present because the feasibility condition may not be met
-In other words, the reported distance of the neighbor is greater than or equal to the current feasible distance
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Konsep DUAL
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Konsep DUAL
Finite Sate Machine (FSM) An abstract machine that defines a set of possible states something can go through, what event causes those states and what events result form those states FSMs are used to describe how a device, computer program, or routing algorithm will react to a set of input events
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DUAL Concepts
DUAL FSM Memilih bahagian terbaik loop-free ke destinasi Memilih laluan alternatif menggunakan maklumat di dalam jadual EIGRP
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DUAL Concepts
Finite State Machines (FSM) To examine output from EIGRPs finite state machine us the debug eigrp fsm command
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Tambahan Konfigurasi EIGRP

The Null0 Summary Route By default, EIGRP uses the Null0 interface to discard any packets that match the parent route but do not match any of the child routes EIGRP automatically includes a null0 summary route as a child route whenever both of the following conditions exist
One or subnets exists that was learned via EIGRP Automatic summarization is enabled
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The Null0 Summary Route
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Disabling Automatic Summarization The auto-summary command permits EIGRP to automatically summarize at major network boundaries The no auto-summary command is used to disable automatic summarization This causes all EIGRP neighbors to send updates that will not be automatically summarized this will cause changes to appear in both -routing tables -topology tables
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Manual Summarization
Manual summarization can include supernets
Reason: EIGRP is a classless routing protocol & include subnet mask in update
Command used to configure manual summarization

Router(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp as-number network-address subnet-mask
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Configuring a summary route in EIGRP
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EIGRP Default Routes quad zero static default route
-boleh mengunakan mana-mana routing untuk menyokong protokol

-kebiasaannya konfiger router di sambung dengan rangkaian luar domain EIGRP
EIGRP & the Quad zero static default route

Requires the use of the redistribute static command to disseminate default route in EIGRP updates
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Fine-Tuning EIGRP EIGRP bandwidth utilization
-By default, EIGRP uses only up to 50% of interface bandwidth for EIGRP information -The command to change the percentage of bandwidth used by EIGRP is Router(config-if)#ip bandwidth-percent eigrp as-number percent
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Configuring Hello Intervals and Hold Times
-Hello intervals and hold times are configurable on a per-interface basis -The command to configure hello interval is Router(config-if)#ip hello-interval eigrp as-number seconds
Changing the hello interval also requires changing the hold time to a value greater than or equal to the hello interval
-The command to configure hold time value is
Router(config-if)#ip hold-time eigrp as-number seconds
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Summary
Background & History
EIGRP is a derivative of IGRP EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary distance vector routing protocol released in 1994
EIGRP terms and characteristics

EIGPR uses RTP to transmit & receive EIGRP packets EIGRP has 5 packet type: Hello packets Update packets
Acknowledgement packets
Query packets Reply packets Supports VLSM & CIDR
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Summary
EIGRP terms and characteristics
EIGRP uses a hello protocol Purpose of hello protocol is to discover & establish adjacencies EIGRP routing updates Aperiodic Partial and bounded
Fast convergence
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Summary
EIGRP commands
The following commands are used for EIGRP configuration RtrA(config)#router eigrp [autonomous-system #] RtrA(config-router)#network network-number The following commands can be used to verify EIGRP Show ip protocols Show ip eigrp neighbors Show ip route
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Summary
EIGRP metrics include
Bandwidth (default) Delay (default)
Reliability
Load
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Summary
DUAL
Purpose of DUAL To prevent routing loops Successor Primary route to a destination Feasible successor Backup route to a destination Feasible distance Lowest calculated metric to a destination Reported distance The distance towards a destination as advertised by an upstream neighbor
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Summary
Choosing the best route
After router has received all updates from directly connected neighbors, it can calculate its DUAL 1st metric is calculated for each route 2nd route with lowest metric is designated successor & is placed in routing table 3rd feasible successor is found
Criteria for feasible successor: it must have lower reported distance to the destination than the installed routes feasible distance
Feasible routes are maintained in topology table
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Summary
Automatic summarization
On by default Summarizes routes on classful boundary
Summarization can be disabled using the following command

RtrA(config-if)#no auto-summary
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EIGRP
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EIGRP
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol based on IGRP. EIGRP supports CIDR, and hence VLSM. Compared to IGRP, EIGRP boasts faster convergence times, improved scalability and superior handling of routing loops. Technically, EIGRP is an advanced distance-vector routing protocol that relies on features commonly associated with link-state protocols. Some of OSPFs best traits, such as partial updates & neighbor discovery, are similarly put to use by EIGRP.
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EIGRP Recall that OSPFs strengths include scalability and multivendor support. So if your core routers are a mixed bag of products from several different vendors, OSPF and RIP may be your only options. But OSPFs benefits, especially its hierarchical design, come at a price: administrative complexity. EIGRP is an ideal choice for large, multiprotocol networks built primarily on Cisco routers (says Cisco).
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Comparison of OSPF and EIGRP
OSPF
Supports CIDR & VLSM, rapid convergence, partial updates, neighbor discovery. Enables the admin to define route summarization. Is an open standard; has multi-vendor support Is scalable; admin defined areas provide manageable hierarchy. Is difficult to implement
EIGRP
Supports CIDR & VLSM, rapid convergence, partial updates, neighbor discovery Uses automatic route summarization & user-defined route summaries. Is proprietary; can only be used with Cisco routers. Is scalable; no hierarchical domains exist Is easy to implement.
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EIGRP and IGRP Compatibility EIGRP offers multiprotocol support and IGRP does not. EIGRP scales IGRPs metric by a factor of 256. Thats because EIGRP uses a metric that is 32 bits long, & IGRP uses a 24-bit metric. By dividing or multiplying by 256, EIGRP can easily exchange information with IGRP. EIGRP imposes a max hop limit of 224, where IGRP has 255.
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EIGRP and IGRP Compatibility Sharing or redistribution, is automatic between IGRP & EIGRP as long as both processes use the same AS number. metric = [K1 x bandwidth + K2 x bandwidth) / (256ms load) + (K3 x delay)] x [K5 / (reliability+K4)] Where by default: = 0 K5 = 0
K1 = 1
K2 = 0
K3 = 1
K4
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EIGRP vs. IGRP
EIGRP tags routes learned from IGRP as external because they did not originate from EIGRP routers. External EIGRP routes are denoted by EX in the routing table. But IGRP cannot differentiate between internal & external routes
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EIGRP
EIGRP is an advanced distance vector routing protocol, but has advantages over simple distance vector protocols:
rapid convergence
By using an routing algorithm, Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) which guarantees loop-free operation & allows all routers involved in a topology change to synchronize at the same time. partial bounded updates
EIGRP routers make partial, incremental updates, & unlike OSPF, the routers send these partial updates only to the routers that need the information. This is called bounded updates.
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EIGRP cont. minimal consumption of bandwidth when the network is stable No timed routing updates - instead small hello packets. Exchanged a regular intervals dont use a significant amount of bandwidth.
support for VLSM and CIDR

multiple network-layer support EIGRP supports IP, IPX and AppleTalk via protocoldependent modules (PDM). complete independence from routed protocols PDM protect EIGRP from painstaking revision.
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EIGRP Terminology & Tables

EIGRP routers keep route and topology information in RAM for quick access. EIGRP terms and tables: neighbor table Maintains a neighbor table that list adjacent routers. There is a neighbor table for each protocol that EIGRP supports.
topology table Topology table for each configured network protocol. All learned routes to a destination are maintained in the topology table.
routing table EIGRP chooses the best (successor) routes to a destination from the topology table & places these routes in the routing table.
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EIGRP Terminology
successor a route selected as the primary route used to reach a destination. Successors are kept in the routing table. feasible successor Is a backup route. They are kept in the topology table. EIGRP routers establish adjacencies with neighbor routers by sending hello packets, sent every 5 seconds (default). By forming adjacencies, EIGRP routers do the following:
dynamically learn of new routes that join their network

identify routers that become either unreachable or inoperable rediscover routers that had previously been unreachable.
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EIGRP Technologies cont.

Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP) is a transport layer (layer 4) protocol that can guarantee ordered delivery of EIGRP packets to all neighbors. To stay independent of IP, EIGRP uses its own proprietary transport-layer protocol to guarantee delivery of routing information. EIGRP uses RTP to provide reliable or unreliable service as the situation warrants. Hello packets are not required to be reliable delivery. RTP supports both unicasting & multicasting , and it can multicast and unicast to different peers simultaneously.
The centerpiece of EIGRP is DUAL, the EIGRP route calculation engine. It uses a finite state machine.
DUAL tracks all the routes advertised by neighbors and uses the composite metric of each route to compare them. DUAL also guarantees that each path is loop-free.
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EIGRP Technologies cont.
A successor is a neighboring router that is currently used for packet forwarding; it provides the least cost route to the destination and is not part of the routing loop A feasible successor provides the next lowest cost path without introducing routing loops.
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EIGRP Data Structure
Neighbor Table Routing Table
Topology Table
Reported distance (RD)
Feasible distance (FD)

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EIGRP Data Structure Neighbor Table the most important table in EIGRP. The neighbor relationships in the neighbor table are basis for all EIGRP routing updates and convergence activity. supports reliable, sequenced delivery of packets. Routing Table Contain the routes installed by DUAL as the best loop free paths to a given destination. It canmaintain up to 4 routes per destination. Topology Table stores all the information it needs to calculate a set of distances and vectors to all reachable destinations.
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EIGRP Data Structure
Reported distance (RD) The distance reported by an adjacent neighbor to a specific destination. Feasible distance (FD) The lowest calculated metric to each destination. Table is sorted with the successor routes at the top, followed by feasible successors. At the bottom are what DUAL believes are routing loops.
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To see the topology table, use the command:

Router# show ip eigrp topology [all] Example of output: P 10.2.0.0/16, 1 successors, FD is 2681856, serno 33 via 10.2.0.2 (2681856/2169856), Serial1 Viewing (2681856/2169856), 2681856 is the FD, and 2169856 is the RD. If no feasible successors to the destination exist, DUAL places the route in the active state. Entries in the topology table can be in one of 2 states passive route route that is stable and available for use active route route in the process of being recomputed by DUAL.
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Internal routes originate from within the EIGRP AS.

External routes originate from outside the system.
Routes learned (redistributed) from other routing protocols such as RIP, OSPF and IGRP are external.
Static routes originating from outside the EIGRP AS and redistributed inside are also external routes. NOTE: The internal administrative distance of EIGRP is 90.
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EIGRP Packet Types EIGRP relies on 5 packet types to maintain its various tables and establish complex relationships with neighbor routers. The 5 packet types: 1. Hello 2. Acknowledgment
3. Update
4. Query 5. Reply
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Hello Packets EIGRP relies on hello packets to discover, verify & rediscover neighbor
routers. The default hello interval depends on the bandwidth of the interface:
Bandwidth Less than 1.544Mbps Example Link Multipoint Frame Relay Default Hello Interval 60 sec 5 sec Default Hold Time 180 sec 15 sec
Greater than 1.544Mbps T1, Ethernet
Keep the hold timer 3 times the hello interval. EIGRP hello packets are multicast. On IP networks, EIGRP routers send hellos to the multicasts IP address 224.0.0.10.
Recall that OSPF requires neighbor routers to have the same hello & dead intervals to communicate. EIGRP has no such restriction.
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Acknowledgement Packets
An EIGRP router uses acknowledgement packets to indicate receipt of any EIGRP packet during a reliable exchange. To be reliable, a senders message must be acknowledged by the recipient. Hello packets are always sent unreliable, & require no acknowledgement.
Update Packets
Update packets are used when a router discovers a new neighbor. They are also used when a router detects a topology change. All update packets are sent reliably.
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Query and Reply Packets EIGRP routers use query packets whenever they need specific information from one or all of its neighbors. A reply packet is used to respond to a query. Query can be multicast or unicast Replies are always unicast. Both packet types are sent reliably.
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EIGRP Convergence (DUAL)
DUALs sophisticated algorithm results in EIGRPs exceptional fast convergence, says Cisco
A routers topology table includes a list of all routes advertised by the neighbors. For each network, the router keeps the real (computed) cost of getting to that network & also keeps the advertised cost (reported distance) from its neighbor.
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EIGRP Convergence (DUAL)
The best path is the path with the lowest metric route that is calculated by adding the metric between the next-hop router and the destination (the reported distance) to the metric between the local router and the nexthop router.
This computed cost, or distance is the FD.

The next-hop router(s) are selected as the best path is the successor. If several routes have the same FD, then there can be several successors to a destination.
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20
RTX
10
Network 24
COST
10
RTA
RTY
FDDI
Serial 10
1
RTZ
100
RTA reaches Network 24 via:
100
Neighbor RTX RTY RTZ
Computed Cost to 24 40 31 230
Report Distance to 24 30 21 220
For RTA, RTY is the successor to Network 24, because it has the lowest computed cost (31). Hence RTAs FD=31.
If RTY goes down, then is there a feasible successor or not? If so, what is it?
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20
RTX
10
Network 24
COST
10
RTA
RTY
FDDI
Serial 10
1
RTZ
100
100
Neighbor RTX RTY RTZ
Report Distance to 24 30 21 220

Remember: RTAs FD=31
Feasible successor = 1. Its RD < RTAs FD AND
2. Has the lowest computed cost of all other routes DUAL calculates the feasible successor to be through RTX
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RTX
10
Network 24
COST
10
RTA
RTY
FDDI
Serial 10
1
RTZ
100 Neighbor RTX RTY RTZ
100 Reported Distance to 24 30 21 220
Suppose RTX also goes down. Is there a feasible successor for RTA to Network 24?
Feasible successor =
1. Its RD < RTAs FD AND 2. Has the lowest computed cost of all other routes
NO! DUAL will set the route to Network 24 from passive to active state, and RTA will query its neighbors about Network 24 again.
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Consider the output from the command show ip eigrp topology all: P 10.2.0.0/16, 1 successors, FD is 2681856, serno 33 via 10.2.0.2 (2681856/2169856), Serial0 via 10.2.1.2 (2681856/2169856), Serial1 via 10.2.2.2 (2891856/2769856), Ethernet 0 Remember: Successor is the route that has the best lowest cost or FD. Feasible successor = Its RD < links FD AND has the lowest computed cost of all other routes
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Consider the output from show ip eigrp topology all: P 10.2.0.0/16, 1 successors, FD is 2681856, serno 33 via 10.2.0.2 (2681856/2169856), Serial0 via 10.2.1.2 (2681856/2169856), Serial1 via 10.2.2.2 (2891856/2769856), Ethernet 0 What are the successor(s)? 10.2.0.2 AND 10.2.1.2
What are the feasible successor(s)?

NONE
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EIGRP Operation The 4 key steps to EIGRP operation are:

1. building the neighbor table
2.
3. 4.
discovering routes
choosing routes maintaining routes
Choose the routes based on these 5 factors:

1.
2. 3. 4.
bandwidth
delay reliability load
5.
MTU (maximum transmission unit)
So, unless otherwise configured by an administrator, bandwidth & delay are the only 2 factors that determine EIGRPs metric value.
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Configuring EIGRP
Configuring EIGRP for IP Networks

Router(config)# router eigrp autonomous-systemnumber
Router(config-router)# network network-number
network-number is the NETWORK address of the interface of the router
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Configuring EIGRP The ip bandwidth-percent command configures the percentage of bandwidth that EIGRP can use on an interface. By default, EIGRP is set to use up to 50 percent of the bandwidth of an interface to exchange routing information. The command relies on the bandwidth of an interface. Some cases the engineer sets the bandwidth to a lower number than the actual bandwidth of the link (in order to manipulate the routing metric).
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Summarizing EIGRP routes for IP
EIGRP automatically summarizes routes at a classful boundary.

For discontiguous subnetworks, you do NOT want summarization. The command that turns summarization off on EIGRP is: Router(config-router)# no autosummary Hence, with summarization turned off, EIGRP routers will advertise subnets.
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Summarizing EIGRP routes for IP
Manual summary routes are configured on a per-interface basis by: Router(config-if)#ip summary-address eigrp autonomous-system-number ip-address mask administrative-distance
By default, EIGRP summary routes have an administrative distance of 5. The value can range between 1 and 255.
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END
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Protokol Dan Konsep Routing

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mengenalpasti arahan asas konfigurasi EIGRP dan tujuannya

Menerangkan konsep dan operasi DUAL.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Istilah yang perlu tahu MUST KNOW

- IGRP tidak dapat disokong dengan IOS 12.2(13)T & 12.2(R1s4)S

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

EIGRP packet header - mengandungi nombor AS

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2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

EIGRP packet header contains

EIGRP Parameters contains

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

TLV: IP internal contains

TLV: IP external contains

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ciri-ciri hello protocol

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2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

EIGRPs use of partial bounded updates minimizes use of bandwidth

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

EIGRP default administrative distances

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Note the ISP router

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ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Basic EIGRP Configuration

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Konfigurasi asas EIGRP

Process ID represents an instance of the routing protocol running on a router Example

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Konfigurasi asas EIGRP

The global command that enables eigrp is

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1

2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.