Neuroanatomi Dasar

Dr. Zainuri Departemen Anatomi FK UII

KOMUNIKASI INTERSELULER :
Molekul sinyal Fungsi : Sebagai ligan: akan mengubah konfigurasi protein penyusun reseptor yg diikatnya. * * * * Asam amino Polipeptida Steroid Mikromolekul Misal: - Hormon - Sitokin - Growth factor - Neurotransmitter

ENDOKRIN : Sel endokrin memproduksi hormon masuk aliran darah berpengaruh pada sel-sel lain yg letaknya jauh dari sel yg memproduksinya.

PARAKRIN : Beberapa macam sel dapat memproduksi molekul yg akan berpengaruh pada sel-sel yg dekat letaknya. Salah satunya : neurotransmitter signal penghubung neuron di sinapsis (signal kimia)

AUTOKRIN : Suatu molekul yg dikeluarkan oleh suatu sel, namun juga berpengaruh terhadap sel itu sendiri.

JUKSTAKRIN : Suatu sel memproduksi pesan yang tidak disekresikan keluar sel diekspresikan pd membran selnya. Pesan tsb. Hanya dapat diterima oleh 2 sel tetangga sebelahnya saja.

KOMUNIKASI SEL

Forms of cell signaling. (A) Hormones produced in endocrine glands are secreted into the bloodstream and can be distributed widely throughout the body. (B) Paracrine signals are released by cells into the extracellular medium in their neighborhood and act locally. (C) Neuronal signals are transmitted along axons to remote target cells. (D) Contact-dependent signaling requires cells to be in direct membrane-to-membrane contact with each other. Many of the same types of signal molecules are used in endocrine, paracrine, and neuronal signaling. The crucial differences lie in the speed and selectivity with which the signals are delivered to their targets

Fungsi Dasar Sistem Saraf

1.

Sensasi

Memonitor segala perubahan/event yang terjadi di lingkungannya. Perubahan tersebut kmdn disebut stimuli dan sel yang menangkap rangsangan disebut receptors.
Secara bersamaan berfungsi sebagai processing dan intrepretasi terhadap berbagai stimuli yang sesuai Keluarannya bersifat motorik

2.

Integrasi

3.

Reaksi

2 cell types 1. Neurons

Mengaktivasi otot dan kelenjar (glands) (typically via the release of neurotransmitters (NTs))

2.

Functional, signal conducting cells Neuroglia Supporting cells

Komunikasi Neuronal
Neuron
Sebutan untuk sel saraf dan semua processusnya

Most neurons have a single axon a long (up to 1m) process designed to convey info away from the cell body. Originates from a special region of the cell body called the axon hillock. Transmit APs from the soma toward the end of the axon where they cause NT release. Often branch sparsely, forming collaterals. Each collateral may split into telodendria which end in a synaptic knob, which contains synaptic vesicles membranous bags of NTs. - Badan sel (soma) - Procesus/tonjolan soma (axons/dendrites) - Bagian penerima input (dendrites/soma) - Bagian konduksi (axon) - Bagian output/sekretori 6 (axon terminal)

Neuroglia
4. Oligodendrocytes

Produce the myelin sheath which provides the electrical insulation for certain neurons in the CNS

Myelination in the CNS

Myelination in the PNS

Substantia grisea

Substantia alba

Interaksi antara neuron dan astrosit pada sinapsis

Synapsis
Tempat dua neuron berdekatan satu dengan Yang lain dan terjadi fungsi komunikasi Interneuronal

Neuron
doking

Mampu membuat sinap dengan 1000 atau lebih neuron lain Mampu menerima sampai 10.000 atau lebih Hubungan dengan neuron lain Bersinap dengan otot Myoneuronal Junction 10

Action Potentials

If VM reaches threshold, Na+ channels open and Na+ influx ensues, depolarizing the cell and causing the VM to increase. This is the rising phase of an AP. Eventually, the Na+ channel will have inactivated and the K+ channels will be open. Now, K+ effluxes and repolarization occurs. This is the falling phase.

K+ channels are slow to open and slow to close. This causes the VM to take a brief dip below resting VM. This dip is the undershoot and is an example of hyperpolarization.

11

Animasi

12

Na+ Channels

They have 2 gates.

At rest, one is closed (the activation gate) and the other is open (the inactivation gate). Suprathreshold depolarization affects both of them.
Animasi

13

14

Saltatory Conduction

Occurs in myelinated axons. Saltare is a Latin word meaning to leap. Recall that the myelin sheath is not completed. There exist myelin free regions along the axon, the nodes of Ranvier.

15

Animasi

16

Synaptic Transmission

An AP reaches the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell and causes V-gated Ca2+ channels to open. Ca2+ rushes in, binds to regulatory proteins & initiates NT exocytosis. NTs diffuse across the synaptic cleft and then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and initiate some sort of response on the postsynaptic cell.
17

Axon teraktivasi dan tidak teraktivasi

Axon terminal sebelum teraktivasi Presinaptik (axon terminal) Neurotransmiter Vesikel sinaptik Axon terminal teraktivasi Impuls saraf (signal elektrik/ potensial aksi)

Voltage gated Ca2+ tertutup

Voltage gated Ca2+ terbuka

Celah sinaptik

Reseptor neurotransmiter

Neurotransmiter dilepas ke celah sinaptik

Sel postsinaptik

Conversion of chemical signal to electrical signal

Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to neurotransmitter receptors concentrated on postsynaptic membrane of target cell Binding of neurotransmitter to receptors change in membrane potential If membrane potential depolarises above threshold action potential Neurotransmitter rapidly removed from synaptic cleft by enzyme degradation or reuptake into terminal when presynaptic cell stops firing postsynaptic cells stop firing Neurotransmitter receptors of various types but most commonly transmitter (ligand)-gated ion channels rapid response - milliseconds
19

Excitatory and inhibitory synapses

Excitatory neurotransmitters cause postsynaptic cell to fire action potentials

Inhibitory neurotransmitters prevent postsynaptic cell from firing

Excitatory neurotransmitters (eg acetylcholine, glutamine) act on ion channel receptors selective for Na+ and Ca2+

Neurotransmitter binding to receptor channel opening Na+ influx depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane threshold action potential
Inhibitory neurotransmitters (eg -aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine) act on Cl- channels Neurotransmitter binding to receptor channel opening Cl- influx prevents depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane no action potential
20

EPSPs & IPSPs

Typically, a single synaptic not create a strong enough to migrate axon hillock and of an AP.

interaction will graded depolarization to the induce the firing

However, a graded depolarization will bring the neuronal VM closer to threshold. Thus, its often referred to as an excitatory postsynaptic potential or EPSP. Graded hyperpolarizations bring the neuronal VM farther away from threshold and thus are referred to as inhibitory postsynaptic potentials or IPSPs.

21

Pembagian secara anatomis

Organisasi sistem saraf

2 pembagian utama:
1.

Sistem saraf pusat

Otak + Medula spinalis

Mrpk pusat kontrol dan integrasi

2.

Sistem saraf perifer

Sistem saraf yang keluar dari otak dan med. spinalis Terdiri dari:

31 pasang saraf Spinal Membawa sinyal ke dan dari med. spinalis 12 pasang saraf Cranial Membawa sinyal ke dan dari otak

Substantia grisea

Substantia alba

Gyrus Sulcus

Cerebrum

Lobus

Lobus pada cortex cerebri: Frontalis, Parietalis, Temporalis, Occipitalis, Limbik, Insularis.
Cerebelum

Fissura Mesencephalon Medulla oblongata

24

CORTEX CEREBRI

Thalamus

80% of the diencephalon Sensory relay station where sensory signals can be edited, sorted, and routed. Also has profound input on motor (via the basal ganglia and cerebellum) and cognitive function. Not all functions have been elucidated.

Hypothalamus

Fungsi: Pusat kontrol autonom

Influences HR, BP, resp. rate, GI motility, pupillary diameter. Can you hold your breath until you die? Involved in fear, loathing, pleasure Drive center: sex, hunger

Respon Emotional

Pengatur Suhu Tubuh Pengatur Masukan makanan

Contains a satiety center

Pengaturan keseimbangan cairan dan haus Pengaturan siklus tidur/jaga Pengontrol hormon

Releases hormones that influence hormonal secretion from the anterior pituitary gland. Releases oxytocin and vasopressin

Limbic System

1. 2.

Includes nuclei and tracts along the border btwn the cerebrum and the diencephalon. Functional grouping rather than anatomical Functions include:
Establishing emotional states Linking conscious cerebral cortical functions w/ unconscious functions of the brainstem Facilitating memory storage and retrieval

3.

Limbic lobe of the cerebrum consists of 3 gyri that curve along the corpus callosum and medial surface of the temporal lobe. Limbic system the center of emotion anger, fear, sexual arousal, pleasure, and sadness.

Cerebellum
Lies inferior to the cerebrum and occupies the posterior cranial fossa. 2nd largest region of the brain.

10% of the brain by volume, but it contains 50% of its neurons

Has 2 primary functions:

1. Adjusting the postural muscles of the body

2.

Coordinates rapid, automatic adjustments, that maintain balance and equilibrium

Programming and fine-tuning movements controlled at the subconscious and conscious levels

Refines learned movement patterns by regulating activity of both the pyramidal and extrapyarmidal motor pathways of the cerebral cortex Compares motor commands with sensory info from muscles and joints and performs any adjustments to make the movement smooth

Cerebellum

The cerebellum can be permanently damaged by trauma or stroke or temporarily affected by drugs such as alcohol. These alterations can produce ataxia a disturbance in balance.

Pembagian secara embriologis

Sistem Saraf Perifer

Menghubungkan timbal balik antara sistem saraf pusat dengan bagian-bagian tubuh. Dapat dibagi menjadi: Divisi Sensoris Afferent Menghantarkan sinyal dari reseptor ke SS pusat Informasi berasal dari bagian dalam tubuh dan dari luar Serabut saraf sensoris terdiri dari somatic (dari kulit, otot rangka atau sendi) atau visceral (organ2 organ dalam) Divisi Motor Efferent Menghantarkan sinyal/impuls dari SS pusat ke organ target/effector (muscles/glands) Serabut saraf terdiri dari Somatomotorik bersifat VOLUNTARY (volunter/disadari) menuju ke otot rangka atau visceromotorik bersifat INVOLUNTARY (involunter/tak disadari) meniji ke otot polos, otot jantung dan kelenjar

Peripheral nervous system

Pembagian secara fungsional