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OPERATING SYSTEM

Ms. Sruthi krishnan Asst. Professor Dept of Management Studies SNGIST(2012-14)

Operating system: It is a system software that may be viewed as an organized collection of software consisting of procedures for operating a computer and providing an environment for execution of programs. It is a software that controls the systems hardware and that interacts with the user and application software. It is the computers master control program. Performs the following functions: The user interface Load programs Coordination with the hardware and software Manages the storage and retrieval functions

Evolution of an operating system Batch OS: Introduced in 1950 Same types of jobs processed sequentially Multiprogramming OS: OS controls switches from one job to another It will increase the CPU utilization Time Sharing OS: Allows many users to share the system at one time Personal computer OS: Came in 1970s Main aim is the user convenience and user responsiveness.

Distributed OS: Managing distributed computer system Multiprocessor or parallel processing OS: It is one which can execute many jobs in parallel. Multiprocessor refers to the system with more than one CPU or processor. Real time OS: Job must be processed in particular time limit Objective of real-time operating systems is their quick and predictable response to events.

Software Set of instructions grouped in to programs Classified in to 2 general categories Custom-made (specification) programs Pre-written software packages Custom-made (specification) software: Programs are usually composed to meet the processing needs of a specific organization or an individual. Creation of specification software involving the following steps: Defining the problem System Analysis System Design Programming Analysis

Program Generation Implementation and Maintenance Pre-written Software: Address the processing needs of users. Divided in to 2 divisions: Application software System Software Packages Application Packages: Set of programs that allow the computer to perform specific data processing job for the user Helps the user to work faster, efficiently and more productively.

Application packages may perform Single Functions Special purpose packages General purpose packages Integrated Functions System Software Packages: Collection of programs designed to operate, control and extend processing capabilities of computers. (i) Operating System : Set of programs that controls and supervises a computer systems hardware and provides services to computer users.

Generally divided in to2 categories: Control programs: manages the computer and resources. o Resource Allocation o Job Management o Data Management Service Programs : provides services to the users of the computer system. o Language Translator o Utility programs (ii) Translating Programs: Transform programming language instructions in to machine language codes

Types of Operating System Single program Operating System: Allows one program to execute at a time. Concurrent Operating System: Allows a single CPU to execute more than one program at the same time. Time sharing Operating System: Allows multiple users to access single computer system. Multiprocessing Operating System: Allows the simultaneous execution of programs on a computer that has several CPUs. Virtual storage operating system: Allows the use of a secondary storage device as an extension of primary storage.

Real time Operating System: Allows a computer to control or monitor tasks which are performed, by giving timely response to input data. Virtual machine Operating System: Powerful program that can run several different operating systems at a time.

Computer processing Techniques Batch processing: method in which data are gathered for a time and collected in to a group processed periodically at specified time intervals On-line processing: Uses devices directly connected to the CPU Real-time processing: it is also called transaction processing. Data are processed immediately and files get updated as soon as a transaction take place.

Off-line processing: processing of data that is not directly under the control of the main CPU. A terminal may be used for keying in the data not directly in to the CPU but on to a small cassette tape or magnetic disk. Multiprogramming: the ability of a computer to run more than one program concurrently is referred as multiprogramming. Multiprocessing: use of two or more CPUs together to optimize data processing.

Time sharing: ability of the computer to be used by more than one user for more than one application at the same time. virtual storage: allows the use of a secondary storage device as an extension of primary storage.

User Interface The set of icons which can see on the screen called the user Interface. Most common types of user interfaces are: Graphical user interfaces Command line Interfaces GUI: Enables to issue commands to the computer by using visual objects. Desktop- background Shortcuts- small pictures Task bar Start Menu-

Quick Launch Bar Shortcut menu/ Context menu Window Title bar Menu bar Tool bar Scroll bar Active window Task switching Dialog boxes

Command Line interfaces: Uses typewritten commands Displays character mode-equal sized alphanumeric and other symbols. Running programs: Saving the contents of files to a disk. Reading the contents Sending a document Providing resources Allocating RAM Recognizing mouse clicks and keystorkes.

Sharing Information: Clipboard- temporary holding space in the computers memory. Managing the hardware and software: Backup utilities Antivirus Screen savers

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