HMT-328 PREPARED BY: PAWANDEEP SINGH

Introduction :- Historically, it is said that the term motivation has been derived from the Latin word for movement , movere .Therefore ,motivation is a kind of derive full of direction, vigour, and persistence of action as stated by Atkinson(1957)decades ago. In other words, it could be stated as a voluntary but sustained drive for achievement. Thus , motivation is in fact a kind of goal oriented behavior , which can be intrinsic or extrinsic .

INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
EXTRINSIC MOTIVATION

Intrinsic motivation signifies the drive from motivation in an individual that comes from within self, and the individual does not need to find out any external reason to feel motivated. Extrinsic motivation signifies that the source of drive is located outside , for example , good reward and recognition from supervisors.

Maslows Theory :- Abraham Maslows (1954) framework sets the historical background to motivational theories. It is one of the simplest representation of diverse human needs. Maslows endeavored to comprehend various types of needs, clusters them into five different categories, and organized them in some hierarchical segments : physiological needs, safety needs, belonging needs, esteem needs, and need for self-actualization.

Maslows theory is focused on the individual, where as Fredrick Irving Herzbergs(1959) theory of motivation is directed towards organizational infrastructure(relationship between supervisor and subordinates, good remuneration, working conditions, etc) Herzbergs reported two types of factors that are capable of driving employees motivation : hygiene factors and motivating factors.

Motivating factors Achievements

Recognition Work Itself Responsibility Advancement Growth ------

Hygiene factors Company policy

Supervision Relationship with boss Work conditions Good salary Relationship with peers Security

Adams Equity theory provides another lens to advance our understanding about employee motivation. It indicates that each employee evaluates himself or herself against other employee of the organization in terms of workload, remuneration, supervisory treatment, and so on.

Skinner proposed a reinforcement theory that is based on manipulation of reward and punishment to achieve the desire level of performance . This theory endeavors to control human behaviour by controlling/ manipulating punishment and reward. This theory assumes that human behaviour is controllable. Desirable behaviour could be reinforced by rewarding the performance, whereas undesirable behaviour could be reduced by imposing punishment.

Turnover rate indicates the number of employees who leave an organization during a specific period. In case a good number of employees have left the organization during a specific period, it indicates that the employee motivation is not necessarily high-hence, they are opting to join other organizations..low turnover rate indicates that the organizational infrastructure is suitable for the employee.

Many HR executives undertake walk the talk philosophy to get a first-hand feel of employee motivation.This indicates engaging employees near their workstations, in their natural workplace, or any area other than the HR managers office.

In many organistaions it has been found that employee engage in various counterproductive behaviours such as stealing,figthing,breaking and damaging companys property.Regular cases such as these indicate that the motivational level of employees appears to be low and requires immediate attention and correctieve actions.