1

Review: Matrices

2
Definition: A matrix is an array of ordered numbers.
A general matrix consists of mn numbers
arranged in m rows and n columns, giving the
following array:





It is usual to use a generic symbol for the element,
the lower case letter corresponding to the capital
used for the matrix
(
(
(
(

=
mn m m
n
n
a ... a a
. ... . .
a ... a a
a ... a a
A
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
3
Matrix products
The first thing to notice about matrix is that
only if the two matrices have the number of
column of the first is equal to the number of
rows of the second, i.e:




In case: (AB)C = A (BC)

(

=
(

=
(

=
(

=
46 31
34 23
50 43
22 19
8 7
6 5
4 3
2 1
BA AB B A
4
Two matrices A and B can be added if
they have the same number of rows (m)
and columns (n)
It is possible to be able to write:
Ax + Bx = (A+B) x
If C = A+B, then c
rs
= a
rs
+ b
rs

Subtraction is treated as negative
addition
Matrix Addition
5
Multiplication by scalar
To multiply a matrix by a scalar quantity,
each element of the matrix is to be
multiplied by the scalar, that is
k [a
rs
] = [(k a
rs
)]
6
Special matrices
Row Matrix
If the matrix consists only of elements in a single row. For
example, a 1 x n row matrix is written as:
A={a
1
a
2
... A
n}

Column Matrix
A matrix with elements stacked in a single column. The m
x 1 column matrix is





Square Matrix []
When the number of row equals the number of columns

=
m
a
a
a
A
.
2
1
7
Unit (or identity ) matrix
Is a square matrix, where all elements are zero
except on the principal diagonal and there they
are units.
It is readily verified that
A I = A, and IA = A
and I . I = I
2
= I
Consequently, for n any positive integer
I
n
= I
8
Diagonal Matrix,
of which unit matrices are particular cases,
have important properties. For instance:



(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

(
(
(

=
(
(
(

(
(
(

kw hv gu
f w ev du
cw bv au
w
v
u
k h g
f e d
c b a
wk wh wg
vf ve vd
uc ub ua
k h g
f e d
c b a
w
v
u
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
9
A transpose matrix
A Matrix may be transposed by interchange its
rows and columns. The transpose of the matrix A
is written as A
T






A symmetric matrix
We can verify that A
T
= A
(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

=
nm m m
n
n
T
mn m m
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
...
. ... . .
...
...
...
. ... . .
...
...
2 1
2 22 12
1 21 11
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
10
Inverse Matrix
The inverse of matrix A is denoted by A
-1
.
Assume that the inverse exists, then the
elements of A
-1
are such that A
-1
A=I and AA
-1
=I
Determinant of a matrix
A determinant is a square array of numbers
enclosed within vertical bars



nm n n
n
n
a a a
a a a
a a a
A
...
.
...
...
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
=
11
Find the determinant then the inverse
matrices for the matrices below:




(

=
2 1
5 3
A
| |
(
(
(

=
1 2 1
2 1 2
3 2 1
B