Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mountains form the natural barriers which contain peoples within an area and restrict movement
Mountains are a place of refuge and shelter for many ethnic groups
Mountain Ranges:
The Atlas Mountains & The Rif The Pontics The Taurus Mountains The Elburz & Zagros Mountains Mount Lebanon & The Anti-Lebanon Mountains
The Atlas Mountains is a mountain range across a northern stretch of Africa extending about 2,500km through Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. It separates the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines from the Sahara Desert.
The Atlas Mountains is rich in natural resources especially iron ore, lead ore, copper, silver, mercury, rock salt, marble, coal and gas.
It is a solid mountainous mass of 350km in length. The Atlas high points are Jbel Bou Naceur (3340m), then Jbel Jbel Mousker (3277 m), in the North, and finally Jbel Bou Iblane (3172 m).
The range includes Jbel Toubkal (4167m), which is the highest mountain in the Atlas and lies in the Toubkal National Park.
The High Atlas forms the basins for a multiplicity of river systems, providing the basis for settlements here. A number of wadi and seasonal rivers terminate in the deserts.
The summits of the Anti-Atlas reach heights of 25002700 m, with a few peaks higher. To the north lies the plateau 1700-1800m in height.
The Anti-Atlas are separated by the High Atlas, to the north, from the Mediterraneans influence and belong to the Sahara climate zone.
Kasbah are found in many places in the region, including the older parts of Agadir. In former times, the kasbah was important as a place of shelter .
Together with the Saharan Atlas to the south it forms the northernmost of the ranges. It ends at the Rif on the west. It has a Mediterranean climate (warm, dry summers and mild, rainy winters with snow in upper elevations).
Several large cities such as Algiers and Oran lie at the base of the Tell Atlas.
Historically, they served as a refuge for the Berber tribes, forming a base of resistance against the Romans, Vandals, Byzantine and Arabs. The Chaoui Berbers occupy this region and practice tranchumance the seasonal movement of population and livestock across short distances.
The Rif
The Rif
The Rif is a mountainous region of northern Morocco. It is part of the Cordillera Btica that also includes the mountains of Southern Spain. The Rif mountains are not part of the Atlas Mountains but belong to the Gibraltar Arc or Alborn Sea geological region.
The Rif
The Rif receives more rainfall than any other region in Morocco with some parts receiving upwards of 2000mm or precipitation a year.
The western and central parts are covered in forests of Atlas Cedar, Cork Oak and Holm Oak, as well as the only remaining forests of Morocan Fir.
The eastern slopes receive less rainfall, and there forests consist mainly of pines.
The Rif
The Rif has been inhabited by the Riffains (Berber) since prehistoric times. As early as the 11th century BC, the Phoenicians began to establish trading posts on the Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts. They founded cities such as Tetouan, Melilla and in the 5th century Tangier.
The Carthaginians replaced the Phoenicians as a major power in the region. After the Third Punic War, Carthage was supplanted by Rome.
The Rif
Under the Romans, the Riff became part of the Roman province of Mauretania. In the 5th century AD, the region was raided by Vandals, and Roman rule ended. It remained under Vandal control until the 6th century AD when the Byzantines came.
In 710, Salih I ibn Mansur founded the Kingdom of Nekor in the Rif and converted most Berbers to Islam. Arabs then established more cities.
The Pontics
The Pontic Mountain range, also known as the Parhar Mountains in the local Turkish and Greek languages is a mountain range in Northern Turkey that stretched parallel and close to the southern coast of the Black Sea and extends eastwards to Georgia.
The Pontics
The mountains are generally covered by dense forests, predominantly of conifers. The Northern Anatolian conifer and deciduous forests is an ecoregion which covers most of the range, while the Caucasus mixed forests extend across the eastern end of the range, known as the Kakar Mountains.
The narrow coastal strip between the mountains and the Black Sea, known as Pontus, is home to the EuxineColchis deciduous forests, Europes only temperate rain forests. The coast is rocky and rugged.
The Pontics
The Anatolian Plateau, which lies south of the range, has a considerably drier and more continental climate than the humid and coastal climate.
It is mostly unwooded, but the northern slopes contain dense growths of both deciduous and evergreen forests.
The Pontics
The Kakar Mountains are glaciated mountains, alpine in character, with steep rocky peaks and numerous mountain lakes. The highest peak in the range is Kakar Da, which rises to 3,931 m.
The Taurus Mountain Range is a mountain complex in southern Turkey, from which the Euphrates and Tigris descend into Iraq. It divides the Mediterranean coastal region of southern Turkey from the central Anatolian Plateau.
Its northeastern extension across the Seyhan River near Adana is called the Anti-Taurus.
The highest peaks are Demirkazik (3,756m) at the Aladaglar National Park, Emler and Kizilkaya (both 3,723m), Nemrut Dag in the Anti-Taurus (3,916m).
Some of the peaks have glaciers on top with a small lake as well. The mountains are rugged.
Mount Lebanon
Mount Lebanon
Mount Lebanon
Mount Lebanon or the Western Mountain Range of Lebanon extends across the whole country along about 160km parallel to the Mediterranean Coast. Lebanon has been historically defined by these mountains, which provided protection for the local population. The mountains are known for their oak and pine forests.
Mount Lebanon
In the high slopes of Mount Lebanon are the last remaining groves of the famous Cedars of Lebanon.
Mount Lebanon
The Forests of the Cedars of God are among the last survivors of the extensive forests of the Cedars of Lebanon that thrived across Mount Lebanon in ancient times. Their timber was exploited by the Assyrians, Babylonians and Persians as well as the Phoenicians. It is now on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
Mount Lebanon
The highest peak is Qurnat as Sawda at 3,088 metres high. Snow covers much of the mountain for most of the year.
Melted water from the mountain forms streams and rivers which merge to form the Jordan River.
Acknowledgements
www.euratlas.com www.wikipedia.com