Total internal reflection

Form 4 Physics

Group 14
Members:
Name Sun Lun Chi Student number S98006900 Job Leader Original script Second stage production Illustrations Additional Scripts Animations & SFX

Cheng Shu Wing

Lee Yan Ming Tang Yuk Man Yau Yat Fai

S98007150
S98007800 S98006810 S98007070

November 1998

Lecture presentation for Form 4

Contents
Reflection and refraction (revision) Critical angle Total internal reflection Fish eye view

Reflection and refraction

Mirror reflects light

mirror

Transparent medium refracts light

glass

Which angle is larger?

A light ray is emerging from glass to air. Which angle is larger, in glass or in the air ?
normal glass Or this? AIR This?

Which angle is larger?

A light ray is emerging from glass to air. Which angle is larger, in glass or in the air ?
normal glass Or this? AIR This?
Next

Critical angle (1)

For glass-air interface, the angle of refraction in air > incident angle
glass normal

Partial reflection Incident angle

Angle of refraction

AIR

Which angle first?

If the angle of incidence increases, which angle will reach 90o first, the angle of incidence or the angle of refraction? A B

Angle of incidence (from glass)

Angle of refraction (in the air)

Next

Critical angle (2)

When we increase the angle of incidence (i), the angle of refraction (r) increases until ......
glass normal i

AIR

Critical angle (3)

when the angle of refraction is 90o, the incident angle is called the critical angle (C).
glass normal iC

90or

AIR

Critical angle (4)

For glass-air interface, the critical angle is 42o. At critical angle, angle of refraction is 90o, so, by the laws of refraction,

sin r sin190o n= = sin C sin i n x sin C = 1 1 sin C = n

What is the critical angle...

for water-air interface? The refractive index of water is 1.33 1 1.33 = 0.75 sin-1 0.75 = 48.8o => C = 48.8o Check :

sin C = sin 48.8o = 0.75 1 0.75 = 1.33

I can do it, so can you!

1 sin C = n

Critical angle (5)

For glass, the refractive index is 1.5;

C = sin-1 (11.5) Critical angle = 42o For water, the refractive index is 1.33;
C = sin-1 (11.33) Critical angle = 48.8o
-1 Csin = sin C=

11 ( ) nn

What if ...
the angle of incidence (from glass) is larger than the critical angle?

A B
C

The angle of refraction will become smaller again. There will be no refracted ray.

The light ray will be reflected the same way back.

Next

Total internal reflection (1)

When the light ray (from water) is emerging at the critical angle, the refracted ray will be along the interface.
AIR
water

Total internal reflection (2)

When the incident angle is larger than the critical angle, total internal reflection will occur (at the interface).
AIR
water

Next

Total internal reflection (3)

View under water!!

AIR
water

Total internal reflection (4)

Fish-eye view
sky see You seesky here You You see the water waves total internal through refraction here here reflection total internal reflection here

waves
waves

total internal reflection here

Can you explain the ...

fish-eye view by drawing light rays? Yes

water

Fish eye view (1)

Central hole, shows the squeezed view of the sky

totally internally reflected ray

water

Fish eye view (2)

When a diver or fish looks upward under water, part of the water surface looks like a mirror, except the central hole. So, the light entering the water from above the surface is squeezed into a cone of angle 2C

2C
What is C ? critical angle
water

C is

Revisit the fish eye view

Do you remember which part has refraction and which part has total internal reflection?
sky(refraction here)

total internal reflection here

What did you learn?

Critical angle

C=

sin-1

1 ( ) n

Total internal reflection occurs when a light ray tries to escape from water (or glass) to air at an angle of incidence larger than the critical angle at the interface. Fish eye view is an example of total internal reflection and refraction.