How many types of matter is it made of?

1 Pure Substance

2+ Mixtures Does it have spots that look different?

Is it on the periodic table?

Yes Element

No Compound

Yes Mixture

No Solution

Bell ringer
Sugar is in the

beaker with water. How do I get it to mix together?

Insoluble- not

able to dissolve

Soluble- able to

dissolve in water

Solution Rate
1. Heat it
2. Stir it (agitation) 3. Crush it (increase surface area)

Questions
1. Why does soda go flat in the

summer? 2. Why does soda go flat even in the winter? 3. Why do we need to use hot water to dissolve Jello? 4. Knowing what you know about solution rate, what is the fastest way to make Koolaid?

Heat of Solution
When solutions form, energy is

exchanged when particles are solvated.

1. Endothermic (+ heat of solution) Energy needs to be added to get the substances to mix, beaker feels cold 2. Exothermic (- heat of solution) Energy is released when the substances mix, beaker feels warm

Solution Rate
Particle Size: 1. Solution- smallest, completely

solvated, invisible to eyes 2. Suspension- largest particles, not able to be solvated, settles into layers 3. Colloid- a suspension that is partially solvated, can see with the aid of a light (Tyndall effect)

Concentration of Solutions
Percent by Mass

Grams solute x 100% Total grams of solution

Concentration of Solutions
Molarity

M = moles Liters

Concentration of Solutions
Molality

m = moles kilogram

OH

hydroxide + H3O hydronium

2H2O
OH

+ H3O

OH-

+ H3O

Naming Bases, Salts

Bases and Salts
Name the same as regular ionic

compounds Ex. NaCl Ba(OH)2

Naming Acids
Binary Acids 2 elements, H and Oxyacids More than 2 elements H, something else, O per _____ ic 1 more O _____ ic

something else

hydro _____ ic Word in middle is

name of element

normal _____ ous 1 less O hypo ___ ous 2 less O

Formula Writing Bases and Salts

Write formulas the same as ionic

compounds. Ex. Iron (III) bromide Zinc hydroxide

Formula Writing Acids

Binary
Hydro becomes H, other element

symbol Cross charge #s Ex. Hydronitric acid hydroiodic acid

Formula Writing Acids

Oxyacids
Identify the polyatomic ion Determine how many O

Need H in front, + 1 (ion has same

charge regardless of # of O) Cross charge #s Ex. Hypophosphorous acid Perchloric acid

Acid Base Theories

Traditional (Arrhenius)
Acid- H in front Base- OH at end

Salt- everything else

Problem: Salt is largest category

Acid Base Theories

Bronsted-Lowry
Acid- proton donor
Base- proton acceptor Conjugate acid- base that has received a

proton Conjugate base- acid that has donated a proton

Conjugate pairs

Acid Base Theories

Bronsted-Lowry
Ex. HCl + H2O <==> H3O+ + Cl

NH3 + H2O <==> NH4+ + OH

Problem: some substances can be bothamphoteric, like water

Acid Base Theories

Lewis
Acid- electron pair acceptor
Base- electron pair donor

Key is to find substance that has lots of

electrons to give, thats the base

Ex. BF3 + F BF4

H+ + NH3 NH4+

Concentration of Acids/Bases
Normality

N = equivalents x moles Liters