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BB
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
INTERNAL FAULT
IF
BB
i1 i2 i3 i4
∑ i = if
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
EXTERNAL FAULT
LV HV
I1/_0º I2/_0º
|I1/_0º – I2 /_0º | =0
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
INTERNAL FAULT
I1/_0º
I2 /__180º
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Operating conditions of transformer
Diff relay
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Operating conditions of transformer
Diff relay
A) Through-fault current under healthy
conditions or on an external fault:
• I2 reverses its direction (I2 = –I1) .
• Both currents are equal in magnitude |I2| = |I1|.
• IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 – I1| = 0 .
• IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + |I1| = 2·|I1| .
• No tripping effect (IDiff = 0); restraint current
(IRest) corresponds to twice the through flowing
current.
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Operating conditions of transformer
Diff relay
B) Internal fault, fed from each end (with
equal currents ):
• In this case, I2 = I1 in direction .
• In magnitude |I2| = |I1| .
• IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + I1| = 2·|I1| .
• IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + |I1| = 2·|I1| .
• Tripping effect (IDiff) and restraining (IRest)
quantities are equal and correspond to the
total fault current.
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Operating conditions of transformer
Diff relay
C) Internal fault, fed from one end only:
• In this case, I2 = 0
• IDiff = |I1 + I2| = |I1 + 0| = |I1|
• IRest = |I1| + |I2| = |I1| + 0 = |I1|
• Tripping effect (IDiff) and restraining
(IRest) quantities are equal and
correspond to the fault current fed from
one side.
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Metro cell REF REF
R R
stabilizing
At Turn to turn occur , diff relay cannot operate due to low current . REF relay will operate by
voltage according to the setting
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
EXTERNAL FAULT
I2/_0º
I1/_0º
|I1/_0º – I2 /_0º | =0
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
INTERNAL FAULT
I1/_0º I2 /__180º
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Problems in Diffrential Protection
For cables , current from both CT’s may not equal due- 3
. to capacitive current
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
THE SOLUSION
SEESAW
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
I diff I restrain = I stabilizing
SEESAW
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
s s
I2 I1
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
s s
I2 I1
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
I RESTRAIN is the algebraic sum of I1 and I2 . The current passing through
restrain coil is DC . It is converted from AC to DC through bridge rectifier
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
T = 2 sec
T = 1.5 sec
A B C
T = 1 sec
T = 0.5 sec Z5
T = 0 sec Z4
%Z2 120 Z3 200%
Z1 85%
21
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
T = 2 sec
T = 1.5 sec
A B C
T = 0.5 sec
T = 1 sec
Z5
T = 0 sec Z4
%Z2 120 Z3 200%
Z1 85%
21
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive under – reach zone 1 extension ( PUR Z1X
A B C
SEND
Z1X
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120
DISADVANTAGE 1
It is used with over head lines (OHL) for more than 20 km , and it is not
advisable to be used in short distances of over head lines (less than 20
km )
S/S A S/S B
ARCING
RESISTANCE
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive under – reach zone 1 extension ( PUR Z1X
A B C
Z1X
Z1 85%
21 21
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
DISADVANTAGE 2
A B C
NO SEND
Z1X
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 T = 0.5 sec 21
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive under reach Transfer trip ( PUTT
A B C
SEND
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120
A B C
SEND
ZOR
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120
A B C
ECHO
SEND
ZOR
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 21
Z2 = ZOR
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
)Permissive over reach Transfer trip ( POTT
WEEK INFEED FEATURE
KV 110 KV
KV
KV
KV110
80
90
77
A B C
SEND
ZOR
Z1 85% %Z2 120
G
21 21
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Pelec
Generator Out of Step
due to prolong of fault
without WEEK END
FEED function
Pmech
δ
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
Blocking Over Reach
A Blocking B C
Signal
ZOR
Z1 85%
Z1 85% %Z2 120
21 21 21
Z2
Z1 = ZOR Z1 = ZOR
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
NO EVOLVING )Auto Reclosure (AR
FAULT OCCURE
A B
Z1 85%
+
Action Dead Reclaim
+ Time Time Time
+ +
+ +
AR
Dist
AR CB Reclosing
trip AR Reclaim
cycleTRIP command
STARTING
TC CC starting time
expired
_ _
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati
EVOLVING )Auto Reclosure (AR
FAULT OCCURE A B
Z1 85%
+
Action Dead Reclaim
+ Time Time Time
+ +
+ +
AR
Dist
AR CB Reclosing
trip AR
cycleTRIP command
STARTING
TC CC starting
_ _
Eng.Mohammad.A.Surrati