Artificial Intelligence Focus and Application

Dr. S Krishnakumar, DRDO, Chennai

Course Topics

Session 1 9-30 to 10-30

Artificial Intelligence Overview

What is AI What is Machine Learning

Session -2. 10-45 to 12-30

Application of AI

Sensing Networking

Databases
Prediction and Data Mining Decision Making Robotics Privacy Issues

Overview

What is Artificial Intelligence

What is Artificial Intelligence

Central goals of Artificial Intelligence

Understand the principles that make intelligence possible (in humans, animals, and artificial agents) Developing intelligent machines or agents (no matter whether they operate as humans or not) Formalizing knowledge and mechanizing reasoning in all areas of human endeavor Making the working with computers as easy as working with people Developing human-machine systems that exploit the complementariness of human and automated reasoning

What is an intelligent agent

An intelligent agent is a system that: perceives its environment (which may be the physical world, a user via a graphical user interface, a collection of other agents, the Internet, or other complex environment); reasons to interpret perceptions, draw inferences, solve problems, and determine actions; and

acts upon that environment to realize a set of goals or tasks for which it was designed.

input/ sensors

user/ environment

output/ effectors

Intelligent Agent

Characteristic features of intelligent agents

Knowledge representation and reasoning Transparency and explanations Ability to communicate Use of huge amounts of knowledge Exploration of huge search spaces Use of heuristics Reasoning with incomplete or conflicting data Ability to learn and adapt

Overview

What is Machine Learning

What is Machine Learning

The architecture of a learning agent

Implements a general problem solving method that uses the knowledge from the knowledge base to interpret the input and provide an appropriate output.

Learning Agent
Input/ Sensors

Problem Solving Engine Learning Engine

User/ Environment

Output/ Effectors

Knowledge Base
Ontology Rules/Cases/Methods

Implements learning methods for extending and refining the knowledge base to improve agents competence and/or efficiency in problem solving.

Data structures that represent the objects from the application domain, general laws governing them, actions that can be performed with them, etc.

What is Learning?
Learning denotes changes in the system that are adaptive in the sense that they enable the system to do the same task or tasks drawn from the same population more effectively the next time (Simon, 1983). Learning is making useful changes in our minds (Minsky, 1985). Learning is constructing or modifying representations of what is being experienced (Michalski, 1986). A computer program learns if it improves its performance at some task through experience (Mitchell, 1997).

So what is Learning?
Learning is a very general term denoting the way in which people and computers:

(1) acquire and organize knowledge (by building, modifying and organizing internal representations of some external reality);
(2) discover new knowledge and theories (by creating hypotheses that explain some data or phenomena); (3) acquire skills (by gradually improving their motor or cognitive skills through repeated practice, sometimes involving little or no conscious thought). Learning results in changes in the agent (or mind) that improve its competence and/or efficiency.

Two complementary dimensions for learning

Competence A system is improving its competence if it learns to solve a broader class of problems, and to make fewer mistakes in problem solving. Efficiency A system is improving its efficiency, if it learns to solve the problems from its area of competence faster or by using fewer resources.

Main directions of research in Machine Learning

Discovery of general principles, methods, and algorithms of learning Automation of the construction of knowledge-based systems Modeling human learning mechanisms

Learning strategies
A Learning Strategy is a basic form of learning characterized by the employment of a certain type of inference (like deduction, induction or analogy) and a certain type of computational or representational mechanism (like rules, trees, neural networks, etc.). Rote learning Learning from instruction Learning from examples Explanation-based learning Conceptual clustering Quantitative discovery Abductive learning Learning by analogy Instance-based learning Reinforcement learning Neural networks Genetic algorithms and evolutionary computation

Reinforcement learning
Bayesian learning Multistrategy learning

Session-2

Application of AI

Sensing Networking Databases Prediction and Data Mining

Decision Making
Robotics

Intelligent Environments

Environments that use technology to assist inhabitants by automating task components

Aimed at improving inhabitants experience and task

performance

NOT: large number of electronic gadgets

Objectives of Intelligent Environments

Improve Inhabitant experience:

Optimize inhabitant productivity Minimize operating costs

Improve comfort
Simplify use of technologies

Ensure security
Enhance accessibility

Requirements for Intelligent Environments

Acquire and apply knowledge about tasks that occur in the environment

Automate task components that improve efficiency of

inhabitant tasks

Provide unobtrusive human-machine interfaces Adapt to changes in the environment and of the inhabitants

Ensure privacy of the inhabitants

Examples of Intelligent Environments

Intelligent Workspaces

Automatic note taking Simplified information sharing

Optimized climate controls

Automated supply ordering

Examples of Intelligent Environments

Intelligent Vehicles

Location-aware navigation systems Task-specific navigation Traffic-awareness

Examples of Intelligent Environments

Smart Homes

Optimized climate and light controls Item tracking and automated ordering for food and general use items

Automated alarm schedules to match inhabitants

preferences

Control of media systems

Tech Aware Home

Perceive and assist occupants Aging in Place (crisis support) Ubiquitous sensing

Scene understanding, object recognition Multi-camera, multi-person tracking Context-based activity

Smart floor

Intelligent Room

Support natural interaction with room

Speech-based information access Gesture recognition Movement tracking Context-aware automation

Interactive Workspaces

Large wall and tabletop interactive displays Scientific visualization Mobile computing devices Computer-supported cooperative work Distributed system architectures

Adaptive House

Infer patterns and predict actions Machine learning for automation HVAC, water heater, lighting control Goals:

Reduce occupant manual control Improve energy efficiency

Smart Home

Learning of inhabitant patterns Learn optimal automation strategies Goals

Maximize comfort and productivity Minimize cost Ensure security

Smart Home

Inhabitant Prediction Smart entertainment control Smart kitchen recipe services Household staff modeling

General Electric Smart Home

Appliance control interfaces Climate control Energy management devices Lighting control Security systems Consumer Electronics Bus (CEBus)

Microsoft Easy Living

Camera-based person detection and tracking Geometric world modeling for context Multimodal sensing

Biometric authentication
Distributed systems

Ubiquitous computing

Vision of the Future

Less obtrusive technology Technology devices

Interactive wallpaper Control wands Intelligent garbage can

Connected Family

Remote monitoring of the home Entry authentication Integrated, pervasive communications Centralized data management

Challenges in Intelligent Environments

Home design and sensor layout Communication and pervasive computing Natural interfaces Management of available data Capture and interpretation of tasks Decision making for automation Robotic control Large-scale integration Inhabitant privacy

Sensors

How many and what type? How to interpret sensor data?

How to interface with sensors?

Are sensors active or passive?

Communications

What medium and protocol? How to handle bandwidth limitations? What structure does the communication infrastructure have?

Data Management

How to store all the data? What data is stored? How is data distributed to the pervasive computing infrastructure?

Prediction & Decision Making

How to extract and represent inhabitants task patterns? What patterns should be maintained? How to determine the actions to automate? To what level should tasks be automated?

Automation

How are the tasks automated? How are actuators controlled? How is safety ensured?

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