Presentation for FDW

What is RDBMS ?
The Relational Database Model:
Relational database management systems, where all data

are kept in tables or relations.

More flexible & easy to use.
Almost any item of data can be accessed more quickly than

the other models.

Retrieval time is reduced so that interactive access becomes

more feasible.

Advantages of RDBMS
Improved conceptual simplicity Easier database design, implementation, management,

and use
Ad hoc query capability (SQL) Powerful database management system

Disadvantages of RDBMS
Possibility of poor design and implementation

Relational databases do not have enough storage area

to handle data such as images, digital and audio/video.

The requirement that information must be in tables

where relationships between entities are defined by values

Relational Database: Definitions

Relational database: a set of normalized relations with

distinct relation names.

Relation: made up of 2 parts:

Instance : a table, with rows and columns. #Rows = cardinality, #fields = degree / arity. Schema : specifies name of relation, plus name and type of each column.

E.G. Students(sid: string, name: string, login: string, age: integer, gpa: real).

Example Instance of Students Relation

sid 53666 53688 53650 name login Jones jones@cs Smith smith@eecs Smith smith@math age 18 18 19 gpa 3.4 3.2 3.8

Cardinality = 3, degree = 5, all rows distinct

What is Database Normalization?

Cures the Spreadsheet Syndrome Store only the minimal amount of information. Remove redundancies. Restructure data.

Benefits of Database Normalization?

Decreased storage requirements!
converted to in a table of is a savings of 1 VARCHAR(20) 1 TINYINT UNSIGNED 1 million rows ~20 MB

Faster search performance! Smaller file for table scans. More directed searching. Improved data integrity!

What are the Normal Forms?

First Normal Form (1NF) Second Normal Form (2NF)

Third Normal Form (3NF)

Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) Fourth Normal Form (4NF) Fifth Normal Form (5NF)

Our Table
user

name
Mike Hillyer

phone1
403-555-1717

phone2
403-555-1919

email1
mike@hoppen.com

email2
mhillyer@mysite.co m

name nickname phone1 phone2 phone3 cell pager address city province postal_code country email1 email2 web_url company department picture notes email_format

Tom Jensen

403-555-1919

403-555-1313

tom@openwin.org

tom@supersite.org

Ray Smith

403-555-1919

403-555-1111

ray@cpma.com

First Normal Form

Remove horizontal redundancies No two columns hold the same information No single column holds more than a single item Each row must be unique Use a primary key Benefits Easier to query/sort the data More scalable Each row can be identified for updating

One Solution
user first_name last_name nickname phone cell pager address city province postal_code country web_url department picture notes

first_nam last_nam e e
Mike Mike Tom Tom Ray Ray Hillyer Hillyer Jensen Jensen Smith Smith

phone
403-555-1717 403-555-1919 403-555-1919 403-555-1313 403-555-1919 403-555-1111

email
mike@hoppen.com mhillyer@mysite.com tom@openwin.org tom@supersite.org ray@cpma.com

Multiple rows per user Emails are associated with only one other phone Hard to Search

Satisfying 1NF
user PK user_id first_name last_name nickname address city province postal_code country web_url company department picture notes

phone
email

PK
PK email_id address

phone_id country_code number extension

Second Normal Form

Table must be in First Normal Form
Remove vertical redundancy The same value should not repeat across rows Composite keys All columns in a row must refer to BOTH parts of the key Benefits Increased storage efficiency Less data repetition

Satisfying 2NF
user user PK user_id PK user_id first_name first_name last_name last_name nickname address nickname city address province city postal_code province country postal_code web_url country picture web_url notes picture email_format notes

user_phone PK,FK1 user_id PK,FK2 phone_id PK

phone phone_id country_code number extension type

email email PK address PK address type FK1 user_id FK1 user_id

user_company PK,FK1 user_id PK,FK2 company_id department PK

company company_id name

Third Normal Form

Table must be in Second Normal Form If your table is 2NF, there is a good chance it is 3NF All columns must relate directly to the primary key
Benefits No extraneous data

Satisfying 3NF
user_phone user PK user_id first_name last_name nickname address city province postal_code country web_url picture notes PK,FK1 user_id PK,FK2 phone_id extension PK phone phone_id country_code number type

email PK FK1 address user_id format

user_company PK,FK1 user_id PK,FK2 company_id department company PK company_id name

Relational Query Languages

A major strength of the relational model: supports simple, powerful querying of data. Queries can be written intuitively, and the DBMS is responsible for efficient evaluation.

What is SQL?
When a user wants to get some information from

a database file, he can issue a query.

A query is a userrequest to retrieve data or

information with a certain condition.

SQL is a query language that allows user to specify

the conditions. (instead of algorithms)

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Concept of SQL
The user specifies a certain condition. The program will go through all the records in

the database file and select those records that satisfy the condition.(searching).
Statistical information of the data. The result of the query will then be stored in

form of a table.

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SQL Data Definition Language (DDL)

The Data Definition Language (DDL) part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted. We can also define indexes (keys), specify links between tables, and impose constraints between database tables. The most important DDL statements in SQL are: CREATE TABLE - creates a new database table ALTER TABLE - alters (changes) a database table DROP TABLE - deletes a database table CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key) DROP INDEX - deletes an index

SQL Data Manipulation Language (DML)

SQL (Structured Query Language) is a syntax for executing queries. But the SQL language also includes a syntax to update, insert, and delete records. These query and update commands together form the Data Manipulation Language (DML) part of SQL: SELECT - extracts data from a database table UPDATE - updates data in a database table DELETE - deletes data from a database table INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database table

Basic structure of an SQL query

General Structure Comparison Grouping Display Order Logical Operators Output Union SELECT, ALL / DISTINCT, *, AS, FROM, WHERE IN, BETWEEN, LIKE "% _" GROUP BY, HAVING, COUNT( ), SUM( ), AVG( ), MAX( ), MIN( ) ORDER BY, ASC / DESC AND, OR, NOT

INTO TABLE / CURSOR TO FILE [ADDITIVE], TO PRINTER, TO SCREEN UNION

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SQL Database Tables

A database most often contains one or more tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g. "Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records (rows) with data. Below is an example of a table called "Persons":
LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen FirstName Ola Tove Kari Address Timoteivn 10 Borgvn 23 Storgt 20 City Sandnes Sandnes Stavanger

SQL CREATE STATEMENT

The create statement is used to create a table. The SQL syntax for CREATE TABLE is CREATE TABLE "table_name" ("column 1" "data_type_for_column_1", "column 2" "data_type_for_column_2", ... ) So, if we are to create the persons table specified as above, we would type in CREATE TABLE persons (lastname varchar2(50), firstname varchar2(50), address varchar2(50), City varchar2(50));

SQL The SELECT Statement

The SELECT statement is used to select data from a table. The tabular result is stored in a result table (called the result-set).
Syntax

SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name

SELECT LastName FROM Persons

Gives a result set like this:

LastName Hansen Svendson Pettersen

The INSERT INTO Statement

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new rows into a table.
Syntax

INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2,....) You can also specify the columns for which you want to insert data: INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2,...) VALUES (value1, value2,....)

The Update Statement

The UPDATE statement is used to modify the data in a table.
Syntax

UPDATE table_name

SET column_name = new_value

WHERE column_name = some_value

The Delete Statement

The DELETE statement is used to delete rows in a table.
Syntax

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE column_name = some_value

Update one Column in a Row

LastName Nilsen Rasmussen FirstName Fred Address Kirkegt 56 Storgt 67 City Stavanger

We want to add a first name to the person with a last name of "Rasmussen": UPDATE Person SET FirstName = 'Nina' WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'
LastName Nilsen Rasmussen FirstName Fred Nina Address Kirkegt 56 Storgt 67 City Stavanger

Update several Columns in a Row

LastName Nilsen Rasmussen FirstName Fred Address Kirkegt 56 Storgt 67 City Stavanger

We want to change the address and add the name of the city: UPDATE Person SET Address = 'Stien 12', City = 'Stavanger' WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'
LastName Nilsen Rasmussen FirstName Fred Nina Address Kirkegt 56 Stien 12 City Stavanger Stavanger

Delete a Row
LastName Nilsen Rasmussen FirstName Fred Nina Address Kirkegt 56 Stien 12 City Stavanger Stavanger

"Nina Rasmussen" is going to be deleted:

DELETE FROM Person WHERE LastName = 'Rasmussen'

LastName Nilsen FirstName Fred Address Kirkegt 56 City Stavanger

Delete All Rows

It is possible to delete all rows in a table without deleting the table. This means that the table structure, attributes, and indexes will be intact:
DELETE FROM table_name Or DELETE * FROM table_name