Science is a systematic or organized body of

knowledge obtained through observation and experimentation.

Chemistry is a branch of science that deals

with the study of matter(properties, structure, composition, changes and principles/laws that govern changes in matter).

1ml=1cm3 (or cc.); 1Liter = 1000 ml.=1000 cm3 (or cc.) = 1dm3 * 273 K = 0 C = 32 F
Measurement SI Units commonly used

Length Mass Volume

Amount of Substance

Meter (m) Kilogram (kg)

Cubic meter(m3) Mole(mol)

Meter (m) Gram (g)

Liter (l) , ml. Mole(mol)

Temperature

Kelvin (K)

Celsius( C)

Prefix

Symbol

Meaning

Tera
Giga Mega

T
G M

1012
109 106

Kilo
Deci

k
d

103
10-1 or 1/10

Centi
Milli Micro Nano Pico

c
m u n p

10-2 or 1/100
10-3 or 1/1000 10-6 1/1000,000 10-9 10-12

Temperature:

F = 9 C + 32; 5 C = 5 9 (

F - 32)

K= 273 +

Density: D(g/ml) = Mass/Volume ; D (g/L ) = M / V

for solids and liquids for gas

Accuracy
tells how close a measurement is to the true value.

Precision
tells how close two or more measurements agree with one another.

Accuracy how close a measurement is to the true value Precision how close a set of measurements are to each other

Accurate &Precise

Precise but not accurate

not precise &

not accurate

Properties of Matter
Properties qualities or characteristics by which a given substance is identified. Physical Properties qualities that can be observed with the senses,without changing the composition of the susbstance. Ex. colors, shapes, size

Chemical Properties

qualities that can be observed after alteration of composition of the substance Ex: iron rust, hydrogen is flammable

Extrinsic or Extensive Properties are properties that depend on the amount of the substance in a sample Ex: volume, length, mass
Intrinsic or Intensive Properties do not depend on the amount of substance ex. density, boiling pt. melting pt

Changes of Matter
Physical Change change in size, shape, physical state, no change in nature or compositon. Ex: freezing of water, pulverizing salt distillation of wine

Chemical Change change in the compositon of the substance a new substance is formed. ex iron nail (Fe) rust (Fe2O3) charcoal (C) CO2 Fermentation of fruit juice

Molecules = aggregate of two or more atoms held by a chemical bond. I. Diatomic molecule is composed of two atoms. a. with two similar atoms (element) ex: H2, N2, Cl2, F2 b. with two different atoms (compound) ex. HI, HF, CO, HCl 2. Polyatomic molecule is composed of three or more atoms. a. with three similar atoms ex: O3 b. with three different atoms ex: HCN, NH3, CaCO3, C6H12O6

Ion = an atom or a group of atoms that has a positive(+) or negative(-) charge.

a. Cations are positively charged ions ( formed when there is a loss of one or more electrons) ex: Na + , Ca +2, Al+3 Naatom 11p +11 e- = O; Na+cation11p + 0 e- = +1 b. Anions are negatively charged ions (formed when there is a gain of one or more electrons) ex: Cl- , O -2 Cl atom 17p + 17 e- = o; Cl- anion17p + 18e- = -1

Mass number (A) = the total number of protons + number of neutrons Atomic number (Z) = the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

X
Z

12

17

Cl

Isotopes of Hydrogen

1 1H

2 1H

3 1H

Protons = _ Neutrons=_

Protons = _ Neutrons=_

Protons = _ Neutrons =_

Isotopes of Hydrogen

1 1H

2 1H

3 1H

Protons = 1 Neutrons= 0

Protons =1 Neutrons= 1

Protons = 1 Neutrons = 2

Isotopes of Uranium

234 92 U

235 92 U

238 92 U

Protons = 92 Neutrons=

Protons =92 Neutrons=

Protons = 92 Neutrons =

Isotopes of Carbon and % Abundance

12 6C

13
6C

Protons = 6 Neutrons= 6 Protons = 6 Neutrons= 7 % abundance =98.89%

% Abundance = 1.11%

Computations: 12 x 0.9889 =11.8668 13 x 0.0111 = 0.1443 12.0111 atomic weight 12. atomic mass (mass no.) Mass no.- the whole no. nearest to the exact atomic weight

Atomic Structure :
Atom- basic unit of an element that can enter into a chemical reaction, retains the identity of element Electron (discovered by Joseph John Thomson) is negatively charge(-) particle Neutron (discovered by James Chadwick) is electrically neutral particle. Proton and atomic nucleus (by Ernest Rutherford) positively charged(+) particle.

Chemical formula represents the composition of one molecule or ionic compound in terms of chemical symbols.
a. Molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of elements in a molecule. ex: C6H 12O6 ( sucrose), C6H6 (benzene ) ,C2H2 (acetylene) . b.Empirical formula gives the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of elements in a molecule ex: C H2 O ( sucrose), C H (benzene ) , C H (acetylene) c.Lewis formula shows the valence electrons of atoms of elements in a molecule. .. .. .. ex: H: O : O: H (hydrogen peroxide) H: O :H (water) .. .. .. d. Structural formula shows the binding of atoms of elements in a molecule. ex: H-O O -H (hydrogen peroxide) H- O -H (water)

Electronic Structure of Atoms

Aufbau Principle Atomic orbitals Electronic configuration Octet Rule Hunds Rule

Reduction Oxidation Reaction

Molecular Equation (Valence Change Method) NaNO2+ K2Cr2O7 + H2SO4 = NaNO3 +K2SO4 + Cr2 (SO4) 3+ H2O Ionic Equation (Valence Change Method) +3 -1 -2 -1 NO2 + Cr2O7 + H + = NO3 + Cr + H2O Half Reaction or Ion-electron method NO2 -1 = NO3 -1 Cr2O7
-2

Cr+3

Redox
Balance the eq. using Valence change or Ion electron method . Answer #1-10 MnO4 -1 + ClO2-1 +H2O = MnO2 + ClO4 -1 + OH___1. Oxidation no. of Mn in MnO4 -1
___2. Oxidation no. of Cl in ClO 4 -1 ___3. electron lost/mole ___9. coefficient of ClO2-1 ___4. electron gained/mole ___10. coefficient of MnO2 ___5 Identify the OA ___6. Which is the RA? ___7. Which is the reduction product? ___8. Which is the oxidation product?

Concentration Units
Molarity moles of solute per liter of solution M= moles solute moles = g solute liter of solution molar mass

g solute molar mass liter solution

Normality no of equivalents of solute per liter of solution N = equivalents of solute liter of solution g solute eq wt liter of solution

N=

molality - moles of solute per kg solvent g solute m= molar mass kg solvent

% by mass = mass solute X 100 mass of solution

Mole fraction solute (X2) = mole solute mole solution

Mole fraction solvent (X1) = mole solvent mole solution

Concentration Units
1.Calculate the % by mass of the solute in: a. 5.50 g NaBr in 78.2 g solution b. 31.0 g KCl in 152.0 g water 2.A solution is prepared by mixing 62.5 ml C6H6 (MW 78g/mol) with 80.3 ml toluene(MW 92.0g/mol) density C6H6 0.867 g/ml density C7H8 0.87 g/ml.