Specific

Types of
Cancer
Kristina Sevilla, RN
 THYROID
TUMORS

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 Thyroid Gland

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 Thyroid Cancer
• Cancer that forms in the thyroid
gland.

• Estimated new cases and deaths

from thyroid cancer in the United
States in 2009:
– New cases: 37,200
– Deaths: 1,630

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 Risk Factors
• Family History
• Age
• Gender (Female)
• Iodine
• Radiation

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 Symptoms
• A lump in the front of
the neck
• Hoarseness or voice
changes
• Swollen lymph nodes
in the neck
• Trouble swallowing or
breathing
• Pain in the throat or
neck that does not go
away

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 Diagnosis
• Physical Exam
• Blood Test
• Ultrasound
• Thyroid Scan
• Biopsy
• CXR
• CT Scan
• MRI

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 Treatment
• Surgery
• Thyroid Hormone Treatment
• Radioactive Iodine Therapy
• External Radiation Therapy
• Chemotherapy

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 BRAIN
TUMORS

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 The Brain

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 3 Major Parts of the
Brain

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 Brain Tumor
• The growth of abnormal cells in the
tissues of the brain.
• Estimated new cases and deaths
from brain and other nervous system
cancers in the United States in 2009:
– New cases: 22,070
– Deaths: 12,920

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 Types of
Primary Brain
Tumors

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 Brain Tumors

• Primary brain tumors are named

according to the type of cells or the
part of the brain in which they begin

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 Astrocytoma
• The tumor arises from star-shaped glial
cells called astrocytes. It can be any
grade. In adults, an astrocytoma most
often arises in the cerebrum.
– .

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• Meningioma:
– The tumor arises in the meninges.
• Oligodendroglioma:
– The tumor arises from cells that make
the fatty substance that covers and
protects nerves.
– It usually occurs in the cerebrum. It's
most common in middle-aged adults

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• Medulloblastoma:
– The tumor usually arises in the
cerebellum
• Ependymoma:
– The tumor arises from cells that line the
ventricles or the central canal of the
spinal cord.
• Brain stem glioma:
– The tumor occurs in the lowest part of
the brain

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 Risk Factors
• Ionizing radiation

• Family History

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 Symptoms
• Headaches
• Nausea and vomiting
• Changes in speech, vision, or
hearing
• Problems balancing or walking
• Changes in mood, personality, or
ability to concentrate
• Problems with memory
• Muscle jerking or twitching
• Numbness or tingling in the arms
or legs

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 Diagnosis
• Neurologic Exam
• MRI
• Spinal Tap
• Biopsy

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 Treatment
• Surgery
– Craniotomy

• Radiation
Therapy
• Chemotherapy

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 Supportive Care
• Swelling of the brain: Steroids
• Seizures: Anti- Seizure Drugs
• Fluid buildup in the skull: the
surgeon may place a shunt to drain
the fluid.
• Sadness and other feelings: it
helpful to talk about their feelings
• Nutrition: High Calorie Diet

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 Lung Cancer

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 Lungs

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 Lung Cancer
• Is a disease of uncontrolled cell
growth in tissues of the lung. This
growth may lead to metastasis.
• Most lung cancers begin in epithelial
cells lining the bronchi.
• The leading cause of cancer related
death in men and women.

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 2 Main Types

• Small Cell
Lung Cancer
(SCLC)
• Non-Small
Cell Lung
Cancer
(NSCLC).
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 Small Cell Lung
Carcinoma

• also called "oat cell carcinoma”

• It tends to arise in the larger airways
and grows rapidly, becoming quite
large.
• It usually responds better to
chemotherapy and radiation

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 Non-Small Cell Lung
Carcinoma
• is any type of lung cancer other than
small cell carcinoma (SCLC).
• are relatively insensitive to
chemotherapy, compared to small
cell carcinoma.

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 SCLC vs. NSCLC
• Small-cell lung cancer grows rapidly.
• Small-cell lung cancer spreads quickly.
• Small-cell lung cancer responds well to
chemotherapy and radiation therapy (
• Small-cell lung cancer is frequently associated
with distinct paraneoplastic syndromes (collection
of symptoms that result from substances produced by the
tumor, occurring far away from the tumor).

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 Risk Factors
• Family History of
Lung Cancer
• •Smoking
• •Radon
• •Asbestos
• •Chronic Lung
Diseases

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 Symptoms
• Persistent cough
• Sputum streaked
with blood
• Chest pain
• Voice change
• Recurrent
pneumonia or
bronchitis

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 Diagnosis
• Chest x-ray
• Chest CT scan
• Bronchoscopy
• Sputum cytology

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 Treatment
• Surgery

• Chemotherapy

• Radiation Therapy

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 Cancer of the
DIGESTIVE
TRACT

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ESOPHAGEA
L CANCER
 The Esophagus

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 Esophageal Cancer
• Cancer that forms in tissues lining
the esophagus
• Estimated new cases and deaths
from esophageal cancer in the United
States in 2009:
– New cases: 16,470
– Deaths: 14,530

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 Risk Factors
• Age 65 or older
• Being Male
• Smoking
• Heavy Drinking
• Diet
• Obesity
• Acid Reflux

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 Symptoms
• Food gets stuck in the esophagus, and
food may come back up
• Pain when swallowing
• Pain in the chest or back
• Weight loss
• Heartburn
• A hoarse voice or cough that doesn't go
away within 2 weeks

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 Diagnosis
• Barium
Swallow
• Endoscopy
• Biopsy

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 Staging
• Endoscopic UTZ
• MRI
• CT Scan
• PET Scan
• Bone Scan
• Laparoscopy

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 Treatment

• Surgery
• Radiation
Therapy
• Chemotherapy

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 Supportive Care

• Cancer Blocks the

Esophagus
• Pain
• Sadness and Other
Feelings
• Nutrition

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 Gastric
Cancer

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 The Stomach

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 Gastric Cancer
• Cancer that forms in tissues lining
the stomach.
Estimated new cases and deaths
from stomach cancer in the United
States in 2009:
– New cases: 21,130
– Deaths: 10,620

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 Risk Factors
• Age
• Sex
• Race
• Family History
• Diet
• H. Pylori
• Smoking
• Certain Health Problem
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 Symptoms
• Discomfort in the
stomach area
• Feeling full or
bloated after a
small meal
• Nausea and
vomiting
• Weight loss

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 Diagnosis
• Physical Exam
• Endoscopy
• Upper GI Series
• Biopsy

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 Treatment
• Local therapy: Surgery and
radiation.

• Systemic therapy: Chemotherapy is

systemic therapy. The drug enters the
bloodstream and destroys or controls
cancer throughout the body.

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 LOCAL THERAPY

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 SYSTEMIC THERAPY

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 Surgery
• Partial (subtotal) gastrectomy: The
surgeon removes the part of the
stomach with cancer.
• Total gastrectomy: The doctor
removes the entire stomach, nearby
lymph nodes, parts of the esophagus
and small intestine, and other tissues
near the tumor.

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 Supportive Care
• Nutrition

• Follow- up Care

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 Colo-Rectal
Cancer

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 Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently
diagnosed cancer in men and women and the second
highest cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. Yet, when
found early, it is highly curable

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 The Colon and
Rectum

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Colon- Rectal Cancer
• Colon Cancer is a cancer that forms in the tissues
of the colon.
• Rectal Cancer is a cancer that forms in the tissues
of the rectum.

• Estimated new cases and deaths from colon

and rectal cancer in the United States in 2009:
– New cases: 106,100 (colon); 40,870 (rectal)
– Deaths: 49,920 (colon and rectal combined)

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 Risk Factors
Uncontrollable:
• Age – most patients
are older than 50
• Polyps or
inflammatory bowel
disease
• Family history of
colorectal cancer
• History of ovarian
or breast cancer

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 Risk Factors
Controllable:
• Diet high in red,
processed, or heavily
cooked meats
• Being overweight
(excess fat around the
waist)
• Exercising too little
• Smoking or drinking
alcohol

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Symptoms
•diarrhea or
constipation
•bowel does not empty
completely
•blood (either bright
red or very dark) in
stool
•Stools are narrower
than usual

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• Gas pains or
cramps, or feeling
full or bloated
• Losing weight with
no known reason
• Feeling very tired
all the time
• nausea or vomiting

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 Diagnosis
• FOBT
• Colonoscopy
• Sigmoidoscopy
• Double- Contrast
Barium Enema
• Digital rectal exam
• Biopsy

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 Colonoscopy Sigmoidoscopy

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COLONOSCOPY COLON CANCER

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 Colon Cancer

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 Treatment
• Surgery
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Biological therapy

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 Surgery

• Colonoscopy
• Laparoscopy
• Open Surgery

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 Supportive Care

• Nutrition
• Physical Activity
• Rehabilitation
• Follow- up Care

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 Liver Cancer

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 The Liver

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 Liver Cancer
• Primary liver cancer is cancer that
forms in the tissues of the liver.
• Estimated new cases and deaths
from liver and intrahepatic bile duct
cancer in the United States in 2009:
– New cases: 22,620
– Deaths: 18,160

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 Risk Factor
• Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV)
or hepatitis C virus (HCV)
• Heavy alcohol use
• Aflatoxin
• Iron storage Disease
• Cirrhosis
• Obesity and Diabetes

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 Symptoms
• Pain in the upper
abdomen on the right
side
• A lump or a feeling of
heaviness in the upper
abdomen
• Swollen abdomen
(bloating)
• Loss of appetite and
feelings of fullness
• Weight loss

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• Weakness or
feeling very tired
• Nausea and
vomiting
• Yellow skin and
eyes, pale stools,
and dark urine
from jaundice
• Fever

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 Diagnosis

• Physical Exam
• Blood Test
• CT Scan
• MRI
• Biopsy

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 CT SCAN

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 MRI

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 PET Scan

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 Treatment
• Surgery (including a liver transplant,
Hepatectomy)
• Ablation
• Embolization
• Targeted therapy
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy

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 Supportive Care

• Pain Control
• Sadness and
Other Feelings
• Nutrition
• Follow- up Care

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 Pancreatic
Cancer

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 The Pancreas

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 In 2008, the American Cancer Society estimated that
37,680 people in the U.S. were diagnosed with
pancreatic cancer

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 Pancreatic Cancer
• A disease in which malignant (cancer) cells
are found in the tissues of the pancreas. Also
called exocrine cancer.
• Estimated new cases and deaths from
pancreatic cancer in the United States in
2009:
– New cases: 42,470
– Deaths: 35,240
•

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 Risk Factor

• Age
• Diabetes
• Being Male
• African – American
• Family History
• Chronic Pancreatitis

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 Symptoms
• Pain in the upper abdomen or upper
back
• Yellow skin and eyes, and dark urine
from jaundice
• Weakness
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea and vomiting
• Weight loss

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 Diagnosis
• Physical Exam
• Lab Test
• CT Scan
• UTZ
• ERCP
• PTC
• Biopsy

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 Treatment
• Surgery
• Radiation Therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Biological Therapy

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 SURGERY

• Whipple procedure
• Distal pancreatectomy
• Total
pancreatectomy

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 Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) uses high-
powered radiation to damage cancer cells and
stop them from growing.
EXTERNAL RT INTERNAL RT

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 Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells
and may be given by mouth or by injection
into a muscle or vein.

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 Supportive Care
• Pain
• Nutrition
• Follow- up
Care

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Gallbladder
Cancer
 Gallbladder Cancer
• Cancer that forms in tissues of the
gallbladder.
• It begins in the innermost layer of tissue
and spreads through the outer layers as it
grows.
• Estimated new cases and deaths from
gallbladder (and other biliary) cancer in the
United States in 2009:
– New cases: 9,760
– Deaths: 3,370

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 Risk Factor
• Age
• Gender
• Ethnicity
• Industrial and environmental chemicals
• Gallbladder Polyps
• Diet and Obesity

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 Risk Factors
• Gallstones and inflammation of the
gallbladder
• Porcelain gallbladder
• Typhoid
• Choledochal cysts
• Cigarette smoke

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 Signs & Symptoms
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and
Vomiting
• Jaundice
• Gallbladder
Enlargement

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 Diagnosis
• History and PE
• CT- Scan
• MRI
• Angiography
• Cholangiography
• ERCP
• Laparoscopy
• Lab Test Biopsy
• UTZ

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 Treatments

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 SURGERY
• Potentially curative surgery is used
when imaging studies indicate a high
likelihood that the surgeon will be
able to remove all of the cancer
known to be present.

• Palliative surgery may be performed

to relieve pain or prevent
complications.
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• Cholecystectomy :
If the entire
gallbladder (but
only the
gallbladder) is
removed.
• Open
Cholecystectomy
• Laparoscopic
Cholecystectomy

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 CHOLECYSTECTOMY
OPEN LAPAROSCOPIC

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 Treatments
• Radiation Therapy
• Chemotherapy
• Palliative Therapy
– Biliary bypass
– Biliary stent or biliary catheter
– Palliative radiation
– Pain Medications

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 THANK YOU

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