Professional Documents
Culture Documents
– False positive
- if the test indicates that a patient has a
disease when she does not
Four Possible
Outcomes in
Detecting
– True negative Cancer
• - test indicates the patient is disease-
free, and this is indeed the case
– False negative
- test indicates the patient is healthy
when in fact the patient has the disease
Sensitivity and
Specificity of Medical
Tests
• Sensitivity refers to how accurately a test
identifies people who have the disease.
• contrast agent is not used an MRI can •size and location of benign or malignant
show: growths
•The shape, size, appearance, and location •enlarged lymph nodes
of organs, bones, and joints •changes in blood flow
•The presence of abnormal growths extracellular volume
•Signs of inflammation or infection
Positron Emission
Tomography (PET)
• Is an imaging technique that uses radioactive
molecules to create a dynamic image of internal
tissues and organs.
• Sealed Source RT
(Brachytherapy)
• Un Sealed- Source RT
Sealed- Source RT
• Sealed radiation source is
placed in a cavity or adjacent to
cancer.
• The more
shielding you
have, the less
radiation you will
receive.
Advantages of
Radiotherapy
• Destroys quickly dividing cells at the margins
of tumors. Surgery may miss these cells
leading to recurrence of disease.
• Can successfully eradicate growth without
permanently damaging the adjacent normal
• In conjunction with other treatments, may
cure tumors that are not responsive to any
single agent.
II. SYSTEMIC TREATMENT
HORMONAL THERAPY BIOLOGIC TREATMENTS
Stem cells for transplantation are obtained from any of these three
places.
Transplant in Cancer
• A. Stem Cell Transplant
– a procedure that is used
in conjunction with high-
dose chemotherapy
– more effective than
conventional
chemotherapy in
destroying myeloma cells
– restore blood cell
production
Types of Stem Cell
Transplants
– Bone marrow transplant
stem cell-containing bone marrow is collected, stored, and
infused following high-dose chemotherapy and/or
radiation therapy.
– Peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) transplant
Procedure in which blood containing mobilized stem cells is
collected by apheresis, stored, and infused following high-
dose chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.
Cord blood transplants refer to transplants where the
stem cells are obtained from umbilical cord bld
Types of Transplants
according to Donor
– Autologous transplants, patients receive their
own stem cells.
– Syngeneic transplants, patients receive stem
cells from their identical twin.
– Allogeneic transplants, patients receive stem
cells from their brother, sister, or
parent. A person who is not related to the
patient (an unrelated donor) also may be used.
THE CANCER PAIN
PROBLEM
PAIN
In cancer is the most feared
and distressing symptom
of the disease.
THE CANCER PAIN
PROBLEM
• WHO reveals that everyday at least 4
million people suffer from cancer pain.
• 30 – 50% of cancer patients undergoing
treatment, and up to 95% of patients with
advanced disease, suffer from pain.
• More than 50% of patients still suffered
from unrelieved cancer pain.
WHO: 3 Step Analgesic Ladder For
Cancer Pain Management
Basic Principles:
• BY THE MOUTH
If the patient can swallow, oral
administration is the route of choice.
WHO: 3 Step Analgesic Ladder For
Cancer Pain Management
• BY THE CLOCK
Analgesics should be given regularly and
prophylactically.
• BY THE LADDER
Use a few drugs well than many badly.
WHO Three-Step
Analgesic Ladder
• Step I For mild to moderate pain non-opioids
(treatment of choice). may or may not be combined
with adjuvant drugs (drugs that are used to hasten or
add to the primary mode of treatment).
• Step II For moderate pain, who did not feel relief
after using only non-opioids, a combination of opioids
and non-opioids should be tried. Again, adjuvants may
or may not be used.
• Step III For moderate to severe pain, opioids should
be used, with or without non-opioids, and with or
without adjuvants.
Cancer :
Management
C – Comfort
A- Altered Body Image
N – Nutrition
C – Chemotherapy
E- Evaluate the Response in
Treatment
R - Rest