Embedded Systems

Structure of the seminar

Introduction

History of embedded systems

Characteristics

Embedded systems for meters
Introduction
Part 1
What is an Embedded System ?
An embedded system is a
special-purpose computer system
designed to perform a dedicated
function
An Embedded system
A generic embedded system
Why Embedded system ?
Performance
Technology Advances
CMOS VLSI dominates older technologies (TTL, ECL)
Computer architecture improvements
RISC, superscalar, RAID,

Price
Simpler development
CMOS VLSI: smaller systems, fewer components
Higher volumes
CMOS VLSI : same device cost 10,000 vs. 10,000,000
units
Embedded system vs General Computer
Performs one or a few pre-defined tasks

Very specific requirements

Task-specific hardware and mechanical parts

Often mass-produced

Design engineers can optimize it
Embedded System
Microprocessor Micro controller
Micro controllers have built in peripherals and memory
which reduces the size of the system
Application Areas
Signal processing systems
Real-time video, DVD players, Medical equipment.
Distributed control
Network routers, switches, firewalls,
Small systems
Mobile phones, home appliances, toys, smartcards, MP3 players,
PDAs, digital cameras, sensors, pc keyboard & mouse
Modern cars: Up to 100 or more processors
Engine control unit
ABS systems (Anti Lock Brake systems)
Emissions control
Diagnostics and Security systems
Accessories (doors, windows etc)
History of Embedded Systems
Part 2
Apollo Guidance computer
The Apollo Guidance Computer, the first recognizable
modern embedded system developed by Charles Stark
Draper at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory
Minuteman Missile 1966
First mass-produced embedded system
Autonetics D-17 guidance computer
Built from transistor logic
Reduced prices on nand gate ICs from
$1000/each to $3/each
Medicinal appliances
Avionics, such as inertial guidance systems,
flight control systems
Cellular telephones and telephone switches
Home automation products
Other developments
First Microprocessor
Intel 4004
Required external
memory and support
chips
By mid 1980s micro
controllers came into
existence
cost of a
microcontroller fell
below $1
By the end of the 80s,
embedded systems
were the norm rather
than the exception
Moores law
Characteristics of Embedded
Systems
Part 2
Characteristics of Embedded Systems
1. Interface
2. Complexity
3. Platform
4. Peripherals
5. Tools
6. Reliability
7. Volume

1. Interface
Interface
No User
Interface
Full User
Interface
Performing user-
defined

PDAs
Dedicated to one
Task
Missile guidance
system
2. Complexity
Complexity
Simple systems Complex systems
Use buttons,small
character/ digit-only
displays

simple menu system
Connected to a network

Touch screen

Real time constraints

Part of a critical operation
3. CPU Platform
Many different CPU architectures used
in embedded designs such as ARM,
MIPS, x86, PIC, 8051 etc

Desktop computer market is limited to
just a few architectures

CPU Platform
PC/104 is a typical base for small, low-
volume embedded system design.

Uses an embedded real-time operating
system such as MicroC/OS-II, QNX or
VxWorks
CPU Platform
Very-high-volume embedded systems
use the system on a chip (SoC), an
application-specific integrated circuit
(ASIC)

CPU core was purchased and added as
part of the chip design.
4. Peripherals
Serial Communication Interfaces
Universal Serial Bus (USB)
Networks: Ethernet, Controller Area Network
Timers: PLL(s), Capture/Compare and Time Processing Units
General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
Analog to Digital/Digital to Analog (ADC/DAC)

5. Tools
Embedded system designers use
compilers, assemblers, and debuggers
Utilities to add a checksum or CRC to a
program
Emulator replaces the microprocessor
with a simulated equivalent
6. Reliability issues
System cannot be shut down for repair

Solutions involve subsystems with
spares

system must be kept running for safety
and monetary reasons
7. Volume
Volume
High Volume Low Volume
Minimizing cost is
usually the primary
design consideration
Used when cost is
not a major factor

Performance and
reliability
constraints
Embedded systems for Meters
Part 4
Electric power consumption
Electric power consumption is not
constant whole day
Peak period is between 1 pm and 4 pm
System must be engineered to meet
peak power

Limitations of the meter
Mechanical device
Prone to wear,shock
Maintains no record of time
Only Counts the number of rotations of
the wheel

Demand Curve
Real power limitation
Ideally current and voltage are in phase
Every volt-ampere delivered becomes a
watt of power used
Induction motors and lamp ballasts
cause current to flow out of phase
Fewer actual watts are used than
delivered
Ideal power curve
When current and voltage are not in-
phase
Power factor penalty
Industrial customers must by contract
maintain power factor
Power factor=Ratio of real power used
to volt amperes delivered
Pay penalty if above some agreed upon
values
Multi function meter
Extend for smaller commercial customer

Even for residences

Contract can be varied

Billing
Networked system can facilitate
automation
No need to send personnel
Better accuracy and lesser burden
Design Fundamentals
1. Means of taking samples
2. Display
3. Communication subsystem
4. Non-volatile memory
5. Power supply
6. Stored program micro-controller

Hardware design
Choosing a micro-controller
Feature set
Code space
Data Space
Data converter
Real-time clock
Conclusion
A quiet revolution is in progress in the
utility industry.
Static metering devices, have been in
use for the better part of a century
Gradually being replaced with multi-
rate, multifunction meters
Capable of more accurately accounting
for utility usage.
References
www.maxim-ic.com
www.electronicsforu.com
www.refdesign.techonline.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.powerelectronics.com
www.ucpros.com
www.pdfserv.maxim-ic.com
For detailed report
www.sushantkumar.wordpress.com/tech
Thank You