The Health IT Workforce Curriculum was developed for U.S. community colleges to enhance workforce training programmes in health information technology. The curriculum consist of 20 courses of 3 credits each. Each course includes instructor manuals, learning objectives, syllabi, video lectures with accompanying transcripts and slides, exercises, and assessments. The materials were authored by Columbia University, Duke University, Johns Hopkins University, Oregon Health & Science University, and University of Alabama at Birmingham. The project was funded by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. All of the course materials are available under a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial ShareAlike (CC BY NC SA) License. The course description, learning objectives, author information, and other details may be found at http://archive.org/details/HealthITWorkforce-Comp1-Unit1. The full collection may be browsed at http://knowledge.amia.org/onc-ntdc or at http://www.merlot.org/merlot/viewPortfolio.htm?id=842513.
Original Title
01-01A - Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US - Unit 01 - Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US - Lecture A
The Health IT Workforce Curriculum was developed for U.S. community colleges to enhance workforce training programmes in health information technology. The curriculum consist of 20 courses of 3 credits each. Each course includes instructor manuals, learning objectives, syllabi, video lectures with accompanying transcripts and slides, exercises, and assessments. The materials were authored by Columbia University, Duke University, Johns Hopkins University, Oregon Health & Science University, and University of Alabama at Birmingham. The project was funded by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. All of the course materials are available under a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial ShareAlike (CC BY NC SA) License. The course description, learning objectives, author information, and other details may be found at http://archive.org/details/HealthITWorkforce-Comp1-Unit1. The full collection may be browsed at http://knowledge.amia.org/onc-ntdc or at http://www.merlot.org/merlot/viewPortfolio.htm?id=842513.
The Health IT Workforce Curriculum was developed for U.S. community colleges to enhance workforce training programmes in health information technology. The curriculum consist of 20 courses of 3 credits each. Each course includes instructor manuals, learning objectives, syllabi, video lectures with accompanying transcripts and slides, exercises, and assessments. The materials were authored by Columbia University, Duke University, Johns Hopkins University, Oregon Health & Science University, and University of Alabama at Birmingham. The project was funded by the U.S. Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology. All of the course materials are available under a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial ShareAlike (CC BY NC SA) License. The course description, learning objectives, author information, and other details may be found at http://archive.org/details/HealthITWorkforce-Comp1-Unit1. The full collection may be browsed at http://knowledge.amia.org/onc-ntdc or at http://www.merlot.org/merlot/viewPortfolio.htm?id=842513.
Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a This material (Comp1_Unit1a) was developed by Oregon Health and Science University, funded by the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology under Award Number IU24OC000015. Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Learning Objectives 2 Delineate key definitions in the healthcare domain (Lectures a, b, c, d) Explore components of healthcare delivery and healthcare systems (Lecture a) Define public health and review examples of improvements in public health (Lecture b) Discuss core values and paradigm shifts in US healthcare (Lecture c) Describe in overview terms, the technology used in the delivery and administration of healthcare (Lecture d) Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Some Definitions: Health 3 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Health often thought of as the absence of disease World Health Organization (WHO) - specialized agency of the United Nations definition: Health is defined as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Thus illness is a state of poor health Healthcare Healthcare is the prevention and treatment of illness Healthcare is delivered by different people from different disciplines, including Medicine Dentistry Nursing Laboratory Science Pharmacy Other allied health professions These people come together as interdisciplinary teams to deliver care
4 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Healthcare Delivery 5 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Healthcare is delivered in different places Inpatient facilities Hospitals Institutions for treating sick or injured people Historically places for shelter, almshouses Hospital Survey and Construction Act (also known as the Hill-Burton Act) passed in 1946 that provided federal grants to improve hospital physical infrastructure Healthcare Delivery (continued) Inpatient facilities Different types of hospitals General medical and surgical hospitals Specialty hospitals (orthopedic, pediatrics, womens services) Psychiatric hospitals Hospitals may be publicly or privately owned Patients can be admitted to a hospital through the emergency room, or directly admitted from a physicians office
6 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Healthcare Delivery (continued) Nursing and residential care facilities Can be short term facilities or long term facilities Long term care classified by level of care Nursing homes initially proliferated after an amendment of the Social Security Act and gradually shifted from being part of the welfare system to being a part of the healthcare system
7 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Healthcare Delivery (continued) Nursing and residential care facilities In 1969, "Intermediary Letter 371" drastically reduced coverage for nursing homes In 1970, the Miller Amendment established a new standard - "intermediate-care facilities In the 1990s another standard was defined: subacute care that provided care for patients discharged from hospitals who briefly need a higher level of care than is provided to the majority of patients in a skilled nursing facility.
8 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Healthcare Delivery (continued) Outpatient facilities Physicians offices Primary care offices Specialty care offices Single specialty or multispecialty offices Dental offices General dentists or specialists Medical and diagnostic laboratories Other ambulatory health services
9 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a The Healthcare Industry The healthcare industry is one of the largest industries in the US In 2008 14.3 million jobs for wage and salary workers Industry comprises of 595,800 establishments about 76 percent of healthcare establishments are offices of physicians, dentists, or other health practitioners. although hospitals constitute only 1 percent of all healthcare establishments, they employ 35 percent of all healthcare workers
10 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Organization of the Healthcare Industry Industry segment Employment Establishments Total 100.0 100.0 Ambulatory healthcare services 42.6 87.3 Offices of physicians 17.0 36.0 Home healthcare services 7.2 3.7 Offices of dentists 6.2 20.4 Offices of other health practitioners 4.7 19.6 Outpatient care centers 4.0 3.6 Other ambulatory healthcare services 1.8 1.4 Medical and diagnostic laboratories 1.6 2.4 Hospitals 34.6 1.3 General medical and surgical hospitals 32.5 1.0 Other specialty hospitals 1.4 0.2 Psychiatric and substance abuse hospitals 0.7 0.1 Nursing and residential care facilities 22.8 11.4 Community care facilities for the elderly 5.2 3.5 Residential mental health facilities 4.1 4.0 Other residential care facilities 1.3 1.1 1.1 Table: Percent distribution of employment and establishments in health services by detailed industry sector, 2008. 11 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Healthcare Systems A healthcare system is an organization that delivers healthcare Many variations and iterations of healthcare systems worldwide, but in general, healthcare systems promote good health in populations balance the levels of actual care provided with the expectations of the population they serve 12 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Healthcare Systems (continued) Different models of healthcare systems Purely public (care conducted by the state) Purely private (care conducted by independent, privately funded organizations) Often a mixed model In countries with state run healthcare system, a private system may coexist in parallel or offer services not available under the public system 13 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Healthcare Systems (continued) There is no universal healthcare system in the US But there are public and private components Public healthcare systems may be organized: At the federal level (for example, the Veterans Health Administration) As a partnership between federal and state governments (such as Medicaid and the Childrens Health Insurance Program) At the local level
14 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Healthcare Systems (continued) Privately owned, commercial organizations may also act as healthcare systems These organizations may serve a single area or multiple geographic locations Private healthcare systems may be: Not-for-profit organizations (governed by principle of non-distribution) or For profit organizations (distribute surplus funds to shareholders or owners)
15 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Healthcare Systems (continued) Healthcare systems can be measured using benchmarks One framework for assessment: Patient assessed value Performance on clinical interventions Efficiency
16 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Summary Lecture a 17 Important definitions: Health not just the absence of disease or illness Healthcare prevention and treatment of illness Healthcare System an organization that delivers healthcare There are different types of healthcare delivery: Inpatient (hospitals, short and long term care facilities) Outpatient (speciality care facilities, laboratories) There are different healthcare system models that range from private to public funding; most systems fall somewhere between these two extremes.
Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US References Lecture a 18 Health IT Workforce Curriculum Version 3.0/Spring 2012 Introduction to Healthcare and Public Health in the US Introduction and History of Modern Healthcare in the US Lecture a References 2002 NAICS Definitions - 621 Ambulatory Health Care Services. (2002). Retrieved December 6, 2011, from US Census Bureau website: http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics02/def/NDEF621.HTM. Career Guide to Industries, 2010-11 Edition. (2011). Retrieved December 6, 2011, from Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor website: http://www.bls.gov/oco/cg/. Definition of Healthcare. Preamble to the Constitution of the World Health Organization as adopted by the International Health Conference, New York, 19 June - 22 July 1946; signed on 22 July 1946 by the representatives of 61 States (Official Records of the World Health Organization, no. 2, p. 100) and entered into force on 7 April 1948. Duckett, S. J., & Ward, M. (2008). Developing robust performance benchmarks for the next Australian healthcare Agreement: The need for a new framework. Aust New Zealand Health Policy , 5(1). Health Care Careers Directory - Allied Health . (2011). Retrieved December 6, 2011, from American Medical Association website: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/education-careers/careers-health-care/directory.shtml. Hospital. (2011). In Encyclopdia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/272626/hospital . Subacute care definition . (2011). Retrieved December 6, 2011, from Ca.gov Department of Healthcare Services website: http://www.dhcs.ca.gov/provgovpart/Pages/SubacuteCare.aspx. World Health Report 2000 - Health systems: improving performance. (2000). Retrieved December 6, 2011, from WHO website: http://www.who.int/whr/2000/en/.
Charts, Tables, Figures 1.1 Table: BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages, 2008. (2008). Retrieved December 6, 2011, from US Bureau of Labor Statistics website: http://www.bls.gov/cew/.