ANALOG & DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

By Engr. Hyder Bux Mangrio

Institute of Information & Communication Technologies
Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro.

07TL-BATCH

Today's Lecture:
24-26

Analog
Pulse Modulation
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Analog modulation: input is continuous in time and
value
Continuous-wave modulation
AM, DB, SSB, VSB
FM, PM
Analog pulse modulation:
Message value is continuous. Transmission happens at
discrete times.
PAM, PWM, PPM
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Digital modulation: The message has discrete
values
Sinusoidal carrier:
uses a finite number of distinct signals to
represent digital data
ASK, PSK, FSK
Digital pulse modulation: use quantization to
get discrete message
use coded pulse sequences: PCM, DPCM
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A series of regularly recurring pluses is
made to vary in amplitude, duration,
shape, or time as a function of the
modulating signal.
e.g. pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM)

pulse-width modulation (PWM)
pulse-duration modulation (PDM)
pulse-position modulation (PPM)
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Advantages of Pulse Modulation
Noise immunity
Inexpensive digital circuitry
Can be time-division multiplexed with
other pulse modulated signals
Transmission distance is increased through
the use of regulative repeaters
Digital pulse streams can be stored
Error detection and correction is easily
implemented
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Special encoding and decoding techniques may
be necessary to increase transmission rates,
thus making the pulse stream more difficult to
recover
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Analog Pulse Modulation Digital Pulse Modulation
Pulse Amplitude (PAM)
Pulse Width (PWM)
Pulse Position (PPM)
Pulse Code (PCM)
Delta (DM)
Pulse Modulation
Nyquist Sampling Theorem :
if a signal at a rate that is at least twice
the highest frequency that it contains
the original signal can be completely
reconstructed
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Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):
The signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each
sample is proportional to the amplitude of the signal at
that sampling instant. This technique is called
sampling.
For minimum distortion, the sampling rate should be
more than twice the signal frequency.
There are two
classes of PAM
signals:
PAM that uses
Natural
Sampling
(gating);
PAM that uses
Instantaneous
Sampling to
produce a flat-
top pulse.

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Natural Sampling
DEFINTION: If w(t) is an analog waveform
bandlimited to B hertz, the PAM signal that uses
natural sampling (gating) is

w
s
(t) =w(t)s(t) Where


S(t) is a rectangular wave switching waveform
and f
s
= 1/T
s
2B.

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Generating Natural Sampling:
The PAM wave form with natural sampling can be
generated using a CMOS circuit consisting of a clock
and analog switch as shown.

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Instantaneous
Sampling(flat-top )
This type of PAM signal
consists of instantaneous
samples.
w(t) is sampled at t = kT
s

The sample values w(kT
s
)
determine the amplitude
of the flat-top
rectangular pulses.

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DEFINITION: If w(t) is an analog waveform bandlimited
to B Hertz, the instantaneous sampled PAM signal is
given by



Where h(t) denotes the sampling-pulse shape and, for flat-top
sampling, the pulse shape is,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
s s s s s s
k k k
w t w kT h t kT h t w kT t kT h t w t t kT o o

= = =
(
= = - = -
(


Pulse Width Modulation (PWM or PLM or
PDM):
In this type, the amplitude is maintained
constant but the duration or length or
width of each pulse is varied in
accordance with instantaneous value of
the analog signal.
The negative side of the signal is
brought to the positive side by adding a
fixed d.c. voltage.

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Analog Signal
Width Modulated Pulses
In this type, the sampled waveform has fixed amplitude
and width whereas the position of each pulse is varied as
per instantaneous value of the analog signal.

PPM signal is further modification of a PWM signal. It
has positive thin pulses (zero time or width)
corresponding to the starting edge of a PWM pulse and
negative thin pulses corresponding to the ending edge of
a pulse.
This wave can be
further amended
by eliminating the
whole positive
narrow pulses.
The remaining
pulse is called
clipped PPM.

PWM
PPM
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):