01 - Lecture1 Power Electronics Students

POWER ELECTRONICS
Textbooks:

Power Electronics By Daniel Hart

Instructor: Dr. Abdul R Ofoli

INTRODUCTION

Power Electronics, UTC
Instructor: Dr Abdul Ofoli
TEXTBOOK
Power Electronics,
by Daniel W. Hart
ISBN 978-0-07-338067-4
COURSE OUTLINE
Power Computations

DC-DC Converters

DC Power Supplies & Control

Inverters

Half-Wave Rectifiers

Full-Wave Rectifiers

AC Voltage Controllers*

Drive Circuits, Snubber Circuits, and Heat Sinks*

Motor Drive Applications*
EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT
A: > 90; B: 80 to < 90; C: 70 to <80; D: 60 to <70; F: <60

Activities Percentages
Quizzes 20%;
Homework 10%;
Midterm Exam 25%;
Final Exam 30%;
Design Project 15%; Due a week before final exams

Bi-weekly quizzes on Thursdays will be given during the semester and one quiz
will be dropped at the end of the semester.

All Quizzes and Exams will be closed books and notes. You will be able to
bring a 1-page, hand written crib sheet (to be handed in with your exam). Some
exam problems will require a deeper understanding of the material than the
quizzes.

If you worked closely with other students for a problem set, please state their names at the end of the solution
(this is to be done by all parties) so you will not be wrongly accused of any cheating.
COVER SHEET FOR HOMEWORKS
POWER ELECTRONICS

NAME: ___________________________

HOMEWORK #: ___________________________

CHAPTER: ___________________________

DATE SUBMITTED:___________________________

Chapter-1
INTRODUCTION
CONVERTER CLASSIFICATION

POWER ELECTRONICS CONCEPTS

APPLICATIONS

ELECTRONIC SWITCHES

SWITCH SELECTION

SWITCHES IN PSPICE
INTRODUCTION
ac input/ dc output
(rectifier)

dc input/ac output
(inverter)

dc input/dc output

ac input/ac output

CONVERTER CLASSIFICATION
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
o Series transistor as an adjustable resistor
o Low Efficiency
o Heavy and bulky
Linear Power Supply
Switch-Mode Power Supply
Transistor as a switch

High Efficiency

High-Frequency Transformer
Powering the Information Technology
Figure 1-2 Regulated low-voltage dc power supplies.
Power
Converter
Controller
o
V
, o ref
V
in
V
Utility
24 V (dc)
5 V (dc)
3.3 V (dc)
0.5 V (dc)
(a) (b)
Power
Converter
Controller
o
V
, o ref
V
in
V
Power
Converter
Controller
o
V
, o ref
V
in
V
Utility
24 V (dc)
5 V (dc)
3.3 V (dc)
0.5 V (dc)
Utility
24 V (dc)
5 V (dc)
3.3 V (dc)
0.5 V (dc)
(a) (b)
Figure 1-3 Boost dc-dc converter needed in cell operated equipment.
Battery
Cell (1.5 V)
9 V (dc)
Battery
Cell (1.5 V)
9 V (dc)
BUCK CONVERTER
BOOST CONVERTER
Induction Heating
Figure 1-5 Power electronics interface required for induction heating.
High
Frequency
AC
Power
Electronics
Interface
Utility
High
Frequency
AC
Power
Electronics
Interface
Utility
Figure 1-6 Power electronics interface required for electric welding.
DC
Power
Electronics
Interface
Utility
DC
Power
Electronics
Interface
Utility
Electric Welding
Application in Adjustable Speed Drives
Conventional drive wastes energy across the throttling
valve to adjust flow rate
Using power electronics, motor-pump speed is adjusted
efficiently to deliver the required flow rate
Energy and the Environment: The Percentage
Energy Consumption
Figure 1-7 Percentage use of electricity in various sectors in the U.S.
Motors 51% HVAC 16%
IT
14%
Lighting 19%
Motors 51% HVAC 16%
IT
14%
Lighting 19%
Motors 51% HVAC 16%
IT
14%
Lighting 19%
Copyright Ned Mohan 2008
o Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) with much higher gas
mileage
o light rail, fly-by-wire planes
o all-electric ships
o drive-by-wire automobiles.
Transportation
Figure 1-10 Hybrid electric vehicles with much higher gas mileage.
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaic Systems
Figure 1-11 Photovoltaic Systems.
(a)
Power
Electronics
Interface
Utility
DC Input
(b)
(a)
Power
Electronics
Interface
Utility
DC Input
(b)
Power
Electronics
Interface
Utility
DC Input
Power
Electronics
Interface
Utility
DC Input
(b)
Figure 1-12 Wind-electric systems.
Utility
Generator
and
Power Electronics
Utility
Generator
and
Power Electronics
Utility
Generator
and
Power Electronics
Wind-Electric Systems
Uninterruptible Power Supplies
Figure 1-13 Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system.
Utility
Critical
Load
Uninterruptible
Power Supply
Utility
Critical
Load
Uninterruptible
Power Supply
THE DIRECTION OF POWER FLOW
DETERMINES CONVERTER CLASSIFICATION
A BASIC (AND INEFFICIENT) DC-DC CONVERTER:
A VOLTAGE DIVIDER
A very low efficiency solution.

Whats the problem of maintaining the 3 V across RL if the
load changes?
A DC-DC SWITCHED CONVERTER
? ) (
x
v avg
Instantaneous power
absorbed by the switch =
VI
When switch is open,
power absorbed by it is
ideally zero because ..?

When the switch is
closed, power absorbed
by it is ideally zero
because?

Insert a low-pass filter to remove all but the dc (average) voltage.
The output is then purely dc for an ideal filter.
Low-Pass Filter
Switch control can compensate for variations in V
s
and regulate the output.
Switch Control
Diodes
The diode is the simplest
electronic switch.

It is uncontrollablewhy?

It is forward bias (on) when the
current i
d
is positive and
reverse-bias (off) when v
d
is
negative.

Important dynamic
characteristic is the reverse
recovery time (t
rr
).
Schottky diodes have smaller
forward drops and have no
recovery transients and hence
faster than P-N junction diodes.
Thyristors
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for
reproduction or display.
Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
Turn-On: A gate current must be applied
when it is forward bias.
Turn-Off: Like a diode (uncontrollable)

Gate Turn-Off Thyristor (GTO)
Turn-On: A gate current must be applied
when it is forward bias.
Turn-Off: By applying a negative gate
current.

Triac
Equivalent to two anti-parrallel SCRs.
Capable of conducting current in either
direction.
Turn-On: Gate current needed to turn on.
Application: Light dimmer circuits

MOS-controlled Thyristor (MCT)
Similar to a GTO but without the high turnoff
gate current.
Uses two MOSFETS and an SCR integrated into
one device. One MOSFET turns the SCR on,
and the other MOSFET turn the SCR off.
Thyristor refers to a family of
three-terminal devices that
include SCR, GTO, MCT etc.
SCR
GTO
TRIAC
MCT
THE MOSFET
Unlike the diode, turn-on and turn-off are controllable
The MOSFET is a current control deviceTRUE or FALSE?
Answer: FALSE
A sufficient gate-to-source voltage will turn the device on.
In the ON state, the change in V
DS
is proportional to the change in i
D
,
hence it can be modelled as an on-state resistance called R
DS(on)
.
Can be modeled
as an ideal
switch as an
approximation.
Ratings are to 500 V and more than 600 A (Not simultaneously!) Have
faster switching speeds than BJTs.
+
-
V
DS
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
The ON state for the transistor is
achieved by providing sufficient
..?..... to drive it into saturation.

The BJT is a current-controlled
device and power BJTs typically
have low h
FE
or B.

Example: A power BJT with h
FE
of
20 is to carry a collector current of
60 A. what base current will be
needed?

With the Darlington pair, the current required from the drive circuit is
reduced.why?
Insulated-Gate
Bipolar Transistor
(IGBT)
The IGBT is an integrated
connection of a MOSFET and a BJT.

The drive circuit is like that of a
MOSFET

The ON-state characteristics are
like those of the BJT.

IGBTs have replaced BJTs in many
applications.

It has the benefits of the drive
simplicity of MOSFET and low
forward drop per unit area of BJTs.
Summary of Device Capabilities
Switch Selection Example
Switch S
1
is on and connects the voltage source (V
s
=24 V) to the
current source (I
o
= 2 A). It is desired to open S
1
to disconnect V
s

from the current source.

This requires that a second switch S
2
close to provide a path for
current Io. At a later time, S
1
must reclose and S
2
must open to
restore the circuit to its original condition.

The cycle is to repeat at a frequency of 200 kHz. Determine the
type of device required for each switch and the maximum voltage
and current requirements of each.
PSpice: A voltage-controlled switch
This switch is used as an idealized model for most
electronic devices
Default Values
Parameter Description Default
RON On resistance 1 (reduce value for ideal)
ROFF Off resistance 10^6
VON Control voltage for on state 1.0 V
VOFF Control voltage for off state 0 V
A circuit using the voltage-controlled switch
Modify the Sbreak model: Ron = 0.001
The PSpice model for the Sbreak is accessed by clicking the edit, the
Pspice model.

Ron can be change for a MOSFET forward resistance, to approximate
the behavior of the MOSFET in circuit.c
A diode and switch can function as a thyristor
(SCR) in PSpice

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