Twin T Notch Filter

Noise
White noise
Equal intensity at all frequencies.
60Hz noise is a frequent signal picked up in
electronic circuits, most noticeably in audio
systems as a low frequency hum that is located
between A
#
(58.27Hz) and B (61.74 Hz).
Such applications require a high Q/narrow BW notch
filter that will remove the noise without impacting the
strength of the signal.

Twin T Notch Filter
Design an adjustable Twin T notch filter to
remove the 60 Hz signal.
Application note
http://www.national.com/ms/LB/LB-5.pdf
As shown in passive filters experiment, the
parasitic resistance of an inductor limits the
bandwidth of an RLC notch filter.


Twin T Notch Filter
Operates by phase shifting the signals in the
different legs and adding them at the output.
At the notch frequency, the signals passing
through each leg are 180 degrees out of phase
and cancel out to provides a complete null of the
signal.
Components are required to have values that are very
close to the nominal values to achieve a high Q notch at
the design frequency.
Twin T Circuit
2
2
2
1
3
2 1
3 2 1
1 1
C
C C
R R R
C R
f
o

Redrawn to highlight Ts
i
o1
i
o2
i
o
Z
o1
Z
o2
At the center frequency
Ideally, i
o1
- i
o2
= 180 and magnitude of Z
o1

= Z
o2
at the center frequency of the Twin-T
filter.
This will force V
o
= 0V at f = f
o
.
Adjustable Twin T Notch Filter
2
2
2
1
3
2 1
3 2 1
1 1
C
C C
R R R
C R
f
o

Transfer Function
2 2
2 2
) 1 ( 4
) (
w s a w s
w s
V
V
H
S
o



where s = j, w = 1/CR, and a is the fraction of the
trim pot resistance R
4
that is connected to the input
terminal of U2.
Twin T Filter
Use an LM 324 op amp chip.
V+ should be +9V, V- should be -9V.
Either a 10 kW trim pot or a set of resistors that add
up to 10 kW may be used for R
4
.


PSpice
Use two resistors instead of a trim pot.
Perform three simulations of the Twin T notch
filter.
Set the resistors value to 9k/1k, 5k/5k, and 1 k/9 kW
Plot the power as a function of frequency
Macro in Trace/Add Trace is DB()
Determine center frequency, , and bandwidth,
for each value of R
Bandwidth is the difference in frequency between the -3dB
points of the output signal.

Calculate Q where
f
f
Q
o

o
f f
Measurements
When measuring the characteristics of the Twin T
filter
Use the Velleman function generator as V
s
of the notch filter.
Set the voltage so that it does not cause the output of the
operational amplifiers in the filter to saturate.
Use the Bode Plot at a high resolution to measure the
performance of the notch filter around 60 Hz.
Measure center frequency and bandwidth of the notch when the
trim pot resistance is approximately 1k, 5k, and 9 kW
Calculate the Q of the filter
Velleman Function Generator
To create a arbitrary waveshape using
MATLAB, you must first install the support
package for Velleman PCSGU250. This is
available on the MathWorks website.
Follow the instructions posted on the Week 9
module to download and install this package.
MATLAB code
In the example file makeSampleLibs.m,
which is linked in Week 11 module, lines 20-26
create a library file called AMWave that can be
used by the Velleman scope.
The program at the moment creates a wave shape
called AMWave that is sin(f)*sin(20f), where f is
the frequency that you set on the Velleman
function generator.
The file is saved under c://Velleman/PCSGU250_DLL/lib

Waveform for this experiment
Modify the makeSampleLibs.m file so that a
wave shape created is a sum of three
sinusoids with equal amplitudes:
sin[(255Hz)t]+sin[(260Hz)t]+sin[(265Hz)t]
Write the code so that 60 Hz is the frequency that
should be set on the arbitrary function generator.
To Output the Waveform
Click on MORE FUNC.
A pop-up window open.
Click on LIB
Find the correct library file name
(AMWave, if you didnt change it) in
directory: c://Velleman/PCSGU250_DLL/lib
Set the frequency to 60 Hz.
Set the amplitude to obtain accurate
voltage measurements.
Bode Plot
To see the notch, you will
have to set the Frequency
Step Size, located under
Options, to a small
percentage of the total
range when the
bandwidth of the notch is
small.
Note: You can pause the
Bode Plot measurement,
change the frequency step
size, and then unclick the
Pause button to vary the
speed at which the data is
collected.