ME 514 INDUSTRIAL PLANT DESIGN

1.1 Pipe and Tube

The fundamental difference between pipe and
tube is the dimensional standard to which each
is manufactured. A pipe is a tube with a round
cross section conforming to the dimensional
requirements for nominal pipe size as tabulated
in table for Pipe Schedules.
A tube is a hollow product of round or any other
cross section having a continuous periphery.
Round tube size maybe specified with respect to
any two, but not all three of the following:
outside diameter or internal diameter or
nominal diameter.

1.2 Black pipe steel pipe that has not been
galvanized.
1.3 Bell and Spigot Joint the commonly
used joint in cast-iron pipe. Each piece is
made with an enlarged diameter or bell at
one end into which the plain or spigot end of
another piece is inserted when laying. The
joint is then made tight by cement, oakum,
or rubber caulked into the bell around the
spigot.
1.4 Bull Head Tee a tee the branch of
which is larger than the run.

1.5 Butt Weld Joint a welded pipe joint made
with the ends of the two pipes butting each
other, the weld being around the periphery.
1.6 Carbon Steel Pipe steel pipe which owes
its properties chiefly to the carbon which it
contains.
1.7 Check Valve a valve designed to allow a
fluid to pass through in one direction only. A
common type has a plate so suspended that the
reverse flow aids gravity in forcing the plate
against a seat, shutting off reverse flow.
1.8 Compression Joint a multi-piece joint with
cup shaped threaded nuts which, when tightened
compress tapered sleeves so that they form joint
on the periphery of the tubing they connect.
1.9 Cross-Over a small fitting with a double
offset, or shaped like the letter U with the ends
turned out. It is only made in small sizes and
used to pass the flow of one pipe past another
when the pipes are in the same plane.
1.10 Expansion Loop a large radius bend in a
pipe line to absorb longitudinal expansion in the
pipe line due to heat.

1.11 Galvanized Pipe steel pipe coated with
zinc to resist corrosion.
1.12 Gate Valve a valve employing a gate, often
wedge-shaped, allowing fluid to flow when the
gate is lifted from the seat. Such valves have
less resistance to flow than globe valves.
1.13 Globe Valve one with a somewhat globe
shaped body with a manually raised or lowered
disc which when closed rests on a seat so as to
prevent passage of a fluid.
1.14 Header a large pipe or drum into which
each of a group of boilers is connected. Also
used for a large pipe from which a number of
smaller ones are connected in line and from the
side of the large pipe.

1.15Malleable Iron cast iron heat-treated to
reduce its brittleness. The process enables
the materials to stretch to some extent and
to stand greater shock.
1.16Manifold a fitting with a number of
branches in line connecting to smaller pipes.
Used largely as an interchangeable term with
header.
1.17Medium Pressure when applied to
valves and fittings, implies they are suitable
for a working pressure of from 862 to 1207
kPa (125 to 175 psi).

1.18Mill Length also known as random
length. Run-of-mill pipe is 4880 mm to 6000
mm (16 ft to 20 ft) in length. Some pipe are
made in double lengths of 9150 mm to
10,675 mm (30 ft to 35 ft).
1.19Relief Valve one designed to open
automatically to relieve excess pressure.
1.20Run a length of pipe made of more
than one piece of pipe; a portion of a fitting
having its ends in line or nearly so, in
contradistinction to the branch or side
opening, as of a tee.

1.21 Saddle Flange a flange curved to fit a
boiler or tank and to be attached to a threaded
pipe. The flange is riveted or welded to an
adjoining pipe.
1.22 Socket Weld a joint made by use of a
socket weld fitting which has a prepared female
end or socket for insertion of the pipe to which
it is welded.
1.23 Standard Pressure formerly used to
designate cast-iron flanges, fittings, valves, etc.,
suitable for a maximum working steam pressure
of 862 kPa.
1.24 Street Elbow an elbow with male thread
on one end , and female thread on the other
end.

1.25Stress-Relieving uniform heating of a
structure or portion thereof to a sufficient
temperature to relieve the major portion of
the residual stresses, followed by uniform
cooling.
1.26Wrought Iron iron refined to a plastic
state in a puddling furnace. It is
characterized by the presence of about 3
percent of slag irregularly mixed with pure
iron and about 0.5 percent carbon.

1.27Wrought Pipe this term refers to both
wrought steel and wrought iron. Wrought in
this sense means worked, as in the process of
forming furnace-welded pipe from skelp, or
seamless pipe from plates or billets. The
expression wrought pipe is thus used as a
distinction from cast pipe. When wrought-
iron pipe is referred to, it should be
designated by its complete name.
2.1 All piping shall be run parallel to
building walls.
2.2 Grouped piping shall be supported on
racks either on horizontal or vertical planes.
2.3 All piping to headers shall come from
below rack.
2.4 All piping from headers shall go up above
rack.
2.5 All piping above or below racks shall be
supported on separate racks.
2.6 All piping should run with slight
inclination for drainage of main headers.

2.7 All piping on racks shall have a sufficient
spacing for pipe or chain wrenches so that any
single line can be altered without disturbing the
rest of the piping on rack.
2.8 All piping 63.5 mm (2 in) and above shall
be flanged while smaller sizes can be screwed.
2.9 On long headers a pair of flanges shall be
provided for every three lengths of 6000 mm (20
ft) of pipes 63.5 mm (2 in ) and above.
2.10 On long headers a pair of unions shall be
provided for every three lengths of 6000 mm (20
ft) of pipes smaller than 63.5 mm (2 in).

2.11All piping subject to varying temperature
shall be provided with expansion joints or
expansion loops to take care of expansion.
2.12No galvanized piping shall be used of
steam.
2.13No piping material shall be used that is
easily corroded by material passing thru.
2.14All piping shall be clamped by U bolts
or clamps to supporting racks except steam
piping.
2.15Piping supports shall be placed on a 3000
mm (10 ft) intervals or less.

2.16 All steam piping shall be supported on
rollers or sliding support for expansion.
2.17 All piping carrying pressure shall be of
sufficient bursting strength for the pressure
applied. A minimum factor of safety of 4 for
working pressure applied shall be used.
2.18 A minimum factor of safety of 4 for working
applied shall be used.
2.19 For conveying liquids subject to water
hammer additional safety factor of a minimum of
100% of working pressure shall be used.
2.20 Piping supports shall be placed on a 3000
mm (10 ft) intervals or less.

2.21All piping carrying steam, hot water or
hot liquids shall be insulated to prevent
accidental contact and loss of heat.
2.22Drains for steam piping shall be provided
with steam traps.
2.23On all screwed joints the threaded
portion shall enter fittings with three threads
by hand before a pipe wrench is applied.
2.24Pipe threads shall be lubricated by white
lead, red lead graphite and oil or other
approved thread lubricants before
tightening.

2.25 No rubber or rubberized gasket shall be
used for steam or hot liquids.
2.26 A shut-off valve shall be installed to every
branch from headers.
2.27 All piping shall be reasonable cleaned
before installation.
2.28 All piping shall be free from burns or
protruding metals inside.
2.29 No piping carrying steam or hot liquids shall
be imbedded in concrete walls or floors.
2.30 Where piping has to be located in trenches
the pipes shall be supported on steel benches on
floor of trench.

2.31 Where piping has to be located in trenches a
suitable drainage or sump for removal of liquid
accumulations shall be provided for trench.
2.32 Where piping carrying steam or hot liquids
have to pass walls of concrete suitable sleeves
made of pipes one size bigger shall be imbedded
in concrete before piping is laid.
2.33 Piping to all equipments shall not impose
any stress on equipment being connected.
2.34 Pipe carrying liquids with solids shall use
long radius elbows or tees with plugs in the
direction of flow.

Identification of piping by color, or color
bands at convenient locations shall be as
follows:
In addition to color coding, the specific
contents of piping must be identified by
sticker, stencil, tag, etc.
Color bands and pipe flow identifications
shall be as specified and installed as shown.
In practice, the average fluid flow velocities may
be as follows:

a. Water - - - - - - - - - - 1.5 3.0 meters/sec.
b. High Pressure Saturated Steam ----- 25 50
meters/sec.
c. High Pressure Superheated Steam --- 50 77
meters/sec.
d. Atmospheric Exhaust Steam ---- 40 60
meters/sec.
e. Low Pressure Exhaust Steam --- 100 120
meters/sec.

5.1 Scope.
Power piping systems include all steam,
water and oil piping and the component
parts such as the pipe, flanges, bolting,
gaskets, valves, and fittings for steam
generating plants, central heating plants and
industrial plants.

5.2 Materials.
Materials used shall conform to Table 11.6.2
(PSME Code 2008). Any material other than
those specified should meet the physical &
chemical requirements & test of the latest
revision of the respective specifications in
Table 11.6.2.

5.3 Valves
It is mandatory that valves be (a) of the
design or equal to the design which the
manufacturer thereof recommends for the
service, and (b) of materials allowed by the
code for the pressure & temperature.

All valves in nominal sizes:

80 mm (3 in) and smaller for pressure above
1724 kPa (250 psig) but not above 2758 kPa
(400 psig).

50 mm (2 in) smaller for pressures above
25787 kPa (400 psig) not above 4137 kPa (600
psig).

40 mm ( 1 in) and smaller for pressures
above 4137 kPa (600 psig) may have screwed,
flanged, or welding ends.

For all valves, larger than sizes specified in
the preceding paragraph, flanged or welding
ends shall be used.

5.4 Wall Thickness.
The following formula shall be used to determine
pipe wall thickness:


Where
t
m
= minimum pipe wall thickness in mm
P = maximum internal service pressure in kPa
t = nominal pipe wall thickness in mm
D = outside diameter of pipe in mm
S = allowable stress in materials in kPa
C = allowance for threading, mechanical strength
of corrosion in mm, see Table 11.6.4a
Y = co-efficient for values, Table 11.6.4b

C
YP S
PD
t
m
+
+
=
2
Since all pipe
furnished by the
mill is subject to 12
% variation in
wall thickness, the
thickness tm should
be multiplied by
8/7 to obtain the
nominal wall
thickness.
5.5 Variations in presure and temperature.
Either pressure or temperature, or both, may
exceed the nominal design values if the
computed stress in the pipe wall calculated for
the pressure does not exceed the allowable S
value in Table 11.6.5 and 11.6.5a for the
expected temperature by more than the
following allowances for the period of duration
indicated:
a. Up to 15 percent increase above the S value
during 10 percent of the operating period.
b. Up to 20 percent increase above the S value
during one percent of the operating period.

5.6 Pressure reducing and relief valves.

a. Where pressure reducing valves are used, one or
more relief or safety valves shall be provided on the
low pressure side of the reducing valve in case the
piping or equipment on the low pressure side does
not meet the requirements for the full initial
pressure. The relief or safety valve shall be located
adjoining or as close as possible to the reducing
valve. Proper protection shall be provided to prevent
injury or damage caused by escaping fluid from relief
or safety valves if vented to the atmosphere. The
vents shall be of ample size and as short and direct as
possible. The combined discharge capacity of the
relief valves shall be such that the pressure rating of
the lower pressure piping and equipment will not be
exceeded if the reducing valves sticks open.
b. It is mandatory that a pressure gage is
installed on the low pressure side of a
reducing valve.
5.7 Pipe
a. For pressure above 4,137 kPa (600 psig) ,
the pipe shall be:
1. Seamless steel meeting ASTM
specification A-106, A-312, A-335 or A-376; or
2. Forged and bored steel meeting A-369 or
3. Automatic welded steel meeting A-312 or
4. Electric-fusion welded steel pipe
meeting with ASTM specification A-155

b. For pressure above 1724 kPa (250 psig), but
not above 4137 kPa (600 psig) , pipe shall be:
1. Electric-fusion welded steel of ASTM
specification A-134 or A-139
2. Electric-resistance welded steel pipe of
ASTM specification A-135
3. Forged or bored steel meeting A-380; or
4. Automatic welded steel meeting A-312
5. Electric-fusion welded steel pipe meeting
with ASTM specifications A-155
6. Seamless steel in accordance with ASTM
specification A-106
7. Seamless or electric-resistance welded steel
pipe of ASTM specification of A-53

c. For service up to 400 C (750 F) and
pressure of not over 1724 kPa (250 psig), any
of the following classes of pipe may be used:
1. Electric-fusion welded steel of ASTM
specification A-134 or A-139
2. Electric-resistance welded steel pipe of
ASTM specification A-135
3. Wrought-iron pipe of ASTM specification
A-72

d. Grade A seamless steel pipe of ASTM
specification A-106, wrought-iron pipe of
ASTM A-72, Grade A seamless steel pipe of
ASTM A-53, or grade A electric welded pipe
of ASTM A-53, A-135 or A-139 shall be used
for close coiling, cold bending or other uses.
5.8 Boltings
a. The following standards shall apply to
bolting:
For steam service pressure in excess of 1724
kPa (250 psig) or for steam or water service
temperature exceeding 232 C (450 F), the
bolting material shall conform to ASTM
specifications A-193. For temperature
exceeding 400 C (750 F), only bolts studs are
recommended. When cast iron flanges are
used, bolting material shall be of carbon
steel conforming to ASTM specification A-
307, Grade B, or A-107, Grade 1120.

b. Flange bolts or bolt-studs shall be of the
dimensions and material specified for the
purpose in the corresponding American
flange standards. Bolts or bolt-studs shall
extend completely through the nuts and if
desired may have reduced shank of a
diameter not less than the diameter at root
of threads.
c. Nuts shall conform to ASTM specification
A-194.
5.9 Flanges
a. Flanges shall conform to the American
Standard B 16.5 for respective pressures and
temperature or to the specifications set by the
manufacturer.

b. 1724 kPa (250 psig) and class 862 kPa (125
psig) cast-iron integral or screwed companion
flanges may be used with a full dace gasket or
with a ring gasket extending to the inner edge of
the bolt holes. When using a full face gasket, the
bolting maybe of heat-treated carbon steel
(ASTM-A261), or alloy steel (ASTM A-193). When
using a ring gasket, the bolting shall be of
carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A-307, Grade B,
without heat-treatment other than stress relief.

c. When bolting together two Class 1724
kPa (250 psig) integral or screwed
companions cast-iron flanges, having 1.6 mm
(1/16 in) raised faces, the bolting shall be of
carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A-307,
Grade B. Without heat-treatment other than
the stress relief.
d. 1034 kPa (150 psig) steel flanges may be
bolted to cast-iron valves, fittings or other parts
having either integral Class 862 kPa (125 psig)
cast-iron flanges or screwed Class 862 kPa (125
psig) companion flanges. When such construction
is used, the 1.6 mm (1/16 in) raised face on the
steel flange shall be removed. When bolting such
flanges together using a ring gasket extending to
the inner edge of the bolt holes, the bolting shall
be of carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A-307
Grade B, without heat-treatment other than
stress relief. When bolting such flanges together
using full face gasket, the bolting may be heat
treated carbon steel (ASTM A-261) or alloy steel
(ASTM A-193).
e. 2069 kPa (300 psig) steel flanges may be
bolted to cast-iron valves, fittings, or other
parts having either integral Class 1724 kPa
(250 psig) cast iron flanges or screwed Class
1724 kPa (250 psig) cast-iron companion
flanges without any changes in the raised
faces on either flange. Where such
construction is used, the bolting shall be of
carbon steel equivalent to ASTM A-307 Grade
B, without heat treatment other than stress
relief.
5.10 Fittings
a. The minimum mill thickness of all flange or
screwed fittings and the strength of factory-
made welding fittings shall not be less than that
specified for the pressure and temperatures in
the respective American Standards.
b. All fittings in nominal sized above; 80 mm
for pressures above 1724 kPa (250 psig) but not
above 2758 kPa (400 psig); 50 mm for pressures
above 2758 kPa (400 psig) but not above 4137
kPa (600 psig), and 40 mm for pressures above
4137 kPa (600 psig) but not above 17238 kPa
(2500 psig) shall have flanged ends or welding
ends.
5.11 Gaskets
a. Gaskets where required, shall be of
material that resists attack by the fluid
carried in the pipe line, shall be strong
enough to hold the pressure, and perform
the purpose intended throughout the
temperature range encountered. Gaskets
shall be as thin as the finish of the surface
that will permit to reduce possibility of
blowing out.
b. Paper, vegetable fiber, rubber or rubber
inserted gaskets shall not be used for
temperatures in excess of 121 C (250 F).

5.12 Hangers, supports,anchors
a. Piping and equipment shall be supported in
a thoroughly substantial and workman like
manner, rigid enough to prevent excessive
vibration and anchored sufficiently to prevent
undue strains on boilers and the equipment
served. Hangers, supports, and anchors shall be
made of durable materials in tunnels and
buildings of permanent fire proof construction,
piping may be supported on or hung from wood
structures if all piping used for conveying fluid at
temperatures above 121 C (250 F) is spaced or
insulated from such wooden members to prevent
dangerous heating.
b. Hangers and supports shall permit free
expansion and contraction of the piping
between anchors. All piping shall be carried
on adjustable hangers properly levelled
supports, and suitable springs, sway bracing,
vibration dampeners, etc. shall be provided
where necessary.
5.13 Pipe sleeves
a. Where steam pipe pass through walls,
partitions, floors, beams, etc., construction of
combustible material, protecting metal sleeves
or thimbles shall be provided to give a clearance
of not less than 6.35 mm (1/4 in) under hot and
cold conditions all around the pipe, or pipe and
covering. When steam pipes pass through metal
partitions, etc., a clearance of at least 6.35 mm
(1/4 in) under hot and cold conditions shall be
left all around the pipe, or pipe covering. In any
cases, if the fluid temperature exceeds 121 C
(250 F), the pipe shall be insulated inside the
sleeve with a covering of at least standard
thickness.
b. Walls, floors, partitions, beams, etc.,
shall not be cast solidly to or built up around
and in contact with a steam, hot water, or
hot oil pipe. Where such pipe must be
installed in a concrete floor or other building
member, it shall be protected for the entire
buried length with a suitable protecting pipe
sleeve of steel, cast iron, wrought iron, or
tile; exception maybe taken to the preceding
rules where pipes pass through walls, floors,
partitions, etc., that must be kept water
tight.
5.14 Drains,drips, and steam traps
a. Suitable drains or drips shall be provided
wherever necessary to drain the condensate
from all sections of the piping and equipment
whenever it may collect. Suitable drains shall
also be provided to empty water lines, water
storage tanks, equipment containing water,
etc., when such piping and equipment is out
of service. At least one valve shall be placed
in each drip or drain line.
b. Drip lines from steam headers, mains,
separators, and other equipment shall be
properly drained by traps installed in
accessible locations and below the level of
the apparatus drained. Drip pumps, drip
(preferably with orifice control) maybe used
in lieu of traps, if they are safely installed
protected and operated under regular
supervision. All drain lines shall have drip
valves for free blow to the atmosphere.
c. Drip lines from steam headers, mains,
separators, and other equipment operating
at different pressures shall not be connected
to discharge through the same trap. Where
several traps discharge into one header
which is or maybe under pressure, a stop
valve and a check valve shall be placed in
the discharge line from each trap.
d. Trap discharge piping shall have the
same thickness as the inlet piping unless it is
vented to atmosphere or operated under low
pressure and has no stop valves. The trap
discharge piping shall have at least the
pressure rating of the maximum discharge
pressure to which it maybe subjected against
freezing where necessary. Drainage from
steam traps, if open to atmosphere, shall be
safeguarded to prevent accidents from hot
discharge.
5.15 Hydrostatic tests
a. Before Erection
All valves, fittings, etc., shall be capable of
withstanding a hydrostatic shell test made
before erection equal to twice the primary
steam service pressure, except that steel fittings
and valves shall be capable of withstanding the
test pressure as given in the American Standard
for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings for
the specific material, pressure standard and
facing involved (ring joint facing for welding
ends.) Pipe shall be capable of meeting the
hydrostatic test requirements contained in the
respective specification in Table 11.6.2, under
which it is purchased.

If a hydrostatic mill test pressure for pipe is
not stated in any of the specifications
enumerated in Table 11.6.2, the pipe shall be
capable of meeting a minimum internal
hydrostatic test pressure determined from
the formula.


Where:
P = test pressure in kPa
t = nominal pipe wall thickness in mm.
D = pipe outside diameter in mm, and

D
St
P
2
=
S = allowable stress in material in kilopascal
and which shall be taken as not less than 50
percent of the specified yield point of the
material except that hydrostatic tests shall
not exceed 17,238 kPa (2500 psig) for sized
80 mm (3 in) and below, or 19,306 kPa (2800
psig) for size over 80 mm (3 in) nor shall the
stress produced exceed 80 percent of the
specified yield point.


b. After Erection
All piping systems shall be capable of
withstanding a hydrostatic test pressure of one
and one-half times the design pressure, except
that the test pressure shall in no case exceed
the adjusted pressure-temperature rating for 38
C (100 F) as given in the American Standard for
Steel Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings for the
material and pressure standard involved. For
systems joined wholly with welded joints the
adjusted pressure rating shall be that for ring
joint facing for systems joined wholly or partly
with flanged joints adjusted pressure rating shall
be that for ring joint facing. For systems joined
wholly or partly with flanged joints the adjusted
pressure rating shall be that for the type of
facing used. .


5.16 Expansion and flexibility.
a. Piping systems are subject to a diversity
of loadings creating stresses of different
types and patterns, of which only the
following more significant ones need
generally be considered in piping stress
analysis:
1. Pressure, internal or external
2. Weight of pipe, fittings and valves,
containing fluid and insulation, and other
external loadings such as wind.
3 Thermal expansion of the line.

The first two loadings produce sustained
stresses which are evaluated by conventional
methods. The stresses due to thermal
expansion on the other hand, if of sufficient
initial magnitude will be relaxed as a result
of local flow in the form of yielding or in the
form of creep. The stress reduction which
has taken place will appear as a stress or
reversed sign in the cold condition.
b. Materials
The thermal expansion range shall be
determined from the Table 11.6.16.2 as the
difference between the unit expansion shown for
the maximum normal-operating metal
temperature and that for the minimum normal-
operating metal temperature (for hot lines this
may usually be taken as the erection
temperature). For materials not included in this
table, reference shall be made to authority
source data, such as publication of the National
Bureau of Standards. The cold and hot moduli of
elasticity, E
c
and E
h
, and the moduli of torsional
rigidity, G
c
and G
h
, respectively, may be taken as
the values shown for the minimum and maximum
normal operating metal temperatures in Table
11.6.16.2a for ferrous and Table 11.6.16.2b for
non-ferrous materials.

c. For flexibility calculations, Poissons
ratio may be taken as 0.3 at all temperatures
for all ferrous materials.

d. The S values, S
c
and S
h
at the minimum
and maximum operating metal temperatures,
respectively, to be used for determining the
allowable expansion stress range SA shall be
taken for the type of piping system involved
from the applicable tables in the respective
sections of the code. In the case of welded
pipe, the longitudinal joint efficiency maybe
disregarded in calculating expansion
5.17 General.
a. Piping systems shall be designed to have
sufficient flexibility to prevent thermal
expansion from causing:
1. Failure from over-stress of the piping
material or anchors
2. Leakage at joints
3. Detrimental distortion of connected
equipment resulting from excessive thrusts
and moments.

b. Flexibility shall be provided by changes
of direction in the piping through the use of
bends, loops, and off-sets; or provision shall
be made to absorb thermal strains by
expansion joints of the slip joints or bellows
type. If desirable, flexibility may be provided
by increasing or corrugating portions or all of
the pipe. In this case, anchors or ties of
sufficient strength and rigidity shall be
installed to provide for end force due to fluid
pressure and other causes..

c. Basic Assumptions and Requirements
1. Formal calculations or model tests shall
be required when reasonable doubt exists as
to the adequate flexibility of a system. Each
problem shall be analyzed by a method
appropriate to the conditions.


No hard and fast rule can be given as to when as
analysis should be made. However, in the
absence of better information the need for a
formal stress analysis for a two-anchor system of
uniform pipe size is indicated when the following
approximate criterion is not satisfied:


Where:
D = nominal pipe size, mm
Y = resultant of movements to be absorbed by
pipe line, mm
U = anchor distance (length of straight line
joining anchors), meter.
L = developed length of line axis, meter.


( )
03 . 0
2
s
U L
DY
2. In calculating the flexibility of a piping
system between anchor points, the system
shall be treated as a whole. The significance
of all parts of the line and of all restraints
such as solid hangers or guides including
intermediate restraints introduced for the
purpose of reducing moments and forces on
equipment or small branch lines shall be
recognized.

3. Calculations shall take into account
stress-intensification factors found to exist in
components other than plain straight pipe.
Credit may be taken for the extra flexibility
of such components. In the absence of more
directly applicable data, the flexibility
factors shown in Fig. 11.6.17.3(c) may be
used.
4. Dimensional properties of pipe and
fittings as used in flexibility calculations,
shall be based on nominal dimensions. The
pressure stresses for services subject to
severe condition shall be based on the
reduced thickness of the pipe.
5. The total expansion range from the
minimum of the maximum normal-operating
temperature shall be used in all calculations,
whether piping is cold sprung or not. Not
only the expansion of the line itself, but also
linear and angular movements of the
equipment to which it is attached, shall be
considered.
6. Calculations for the expansion stresses S
E

shall be based on the modulus of elasticity E
c

at room temperature.
5.18 Stresses and reactions.
a. Using the foregoing assumptions, the
stresses, and reactions due to the expansion
shall be investigated at all significant points.
The expansion stresses shall be combined in
accordance with the following formula.


Where:
S
b
= iM
b
/Z = resultant bending stress kPa
S
t
= M
t
/2Z = torsiional stress kPa
M
b
= resultant bending moment,n Newton-meter.
M
t
= torsional moment, Newton-meter.
Z = section modulus of pipe (m3),
i = stress intensification factor

2 2
4
t b E
S S S + =
b. The maximum computed expansion stress,
S
E
based on 100 per cent of the expansion and E
c

for the cold condition shall not exceed the
allowable stress range, S
A
:
Where:

In the above formula
S
C
= allowable stress (S value) in the cold
condition
S
h
= allowable stress (S value) in the hot
condition
S
C
and S
h
are to be taken from the table in the
applicable date, the values of f shall be taken
from the following table:
Attach Fig. 11.6.1.7.3(c) and Fig. For graph for k
and i.

( )
h C A
S S f S 25 . 0 25 . 1 + =
Expected life is meant the total number of
years during which system is expected to be
in active operation.

The sum of the longitudinal stresses due to
pressure, weight and other sustained
external loadings shall not exceed Sh.

Where the sum of these stresses is less than
Sh the difference between Sh and this sum
may be added to the term 0.25 Sh in the
above formula.
The longitudinal pressure stress Sep shall be
determined by dividing the end force due to internal
pressure:


By the cross-sectional area of the pipe wall


Or


In which
S
ep
= longitudinal pressure stress, kPa
p = internal pressure, kPa
d = nominal outside diameter of the pipe m inus two
times the normal wall thickness in mm
D = nominal outside diameter of pipe, mm

2
2
d p
F
t
=
( )
2 2
4
d D A =
t
2 2
2
d D
pd
S
F
S
ep

= =
The reactions (forces and moments) Rh and
Rc in the hot and cold conditions,
respectively, shall be obtained as follows
from the reactions R derived from the
flexibility calculations based on the modulus
of elasticity at room temperature Ec.



or

Whichever is greater, and with the further
condition that:

c
c
h
h
R
E
E
C R
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
3
2
1
CR R
c
=
R
E
E
S
S
R
h
c
c
h
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
Where:
C = cold spring factor varying from zero for
no cold spring to one for 100 percent cold
spring
S
e
= maximum computed expansion stress
E
c
= modulus of elasticity in the cold
condition
E
h
= modulus of elasticity in hot condition
R = range of reactions corresponding to the
full expansion range based on E
C
.

R
c
and R
h
represent the maximum reactions
estimated to occur in the cold and hot
conditions, respectively.

c. The design and spacing of support shall
be checked to assure that the sum of the
longitudinal stress due to the weight,
pressure, and other sustained external
loading does not exceed S
h
.
6.1 This is industrial air and gas in mines,
power plants, industrial and gas
manufacturing plants.
a. Piping with metal temperature above
232 C (450 F) or below -2.9 C (27 F).
b. Air piping systems operating at pressures
of 207 kPa (30 psig) or less.
c. Piping lines with firebrick or other
refractory material used for conveying hot
gases.

6.2 Wall thickness of Pipe
The minimum thickness of pipe wall required
shall be determined by the following formula
for the designated pressure and for
temperature not exceeding 232 C (450 F).


C
P S
PD
t
m
+
+
=
8 . 0 2
Where:
P = maximum allowable, operating pressure in
kPa. The value obtained maybe rounded to the
next higher unit of 10. The maximum allowable
operating pressure computed with S values
permitted under this paragraph, shall not exceed
two-thirds of the mill test pressure for a service
temperature of 38 C (100 F) or less and five-
ninths of the mill test pressure for a service
temperature of 232 C (450 F).

S = maximum allowable hoop stress in kPa, see
Table 11.7.2.

For steel or wrought-iron pipe (except butt
welded-manufactured under a specification not
listed in Table 11.7.2) the value of S shall be
0.6K for a service temperature of 38 C (100 F) or
less or 0.52K for a service temperature of 232 C
(450 F) where K is the stipulated minimum
effective yield strength calculated in the manner
described in Section 11.7.3.
t
m
= minimum pipe wall thickness in mm, i.e.,
nominal wall thickness less the manufacturing
tolerance for the thickness. Where available
from on hand or in stock, the actual measured
wall thickness maybe used to calculate the
maximum allowable operating pressure.

C = corrosion in millimetre obtained from the
following:
D = outside diameter of pipe in inches (mm).
6.3 Effective Yield Strength (K)

The effective yield strength K of steel or
wrought-iron pipe maybe determined by
taking the product of Y, the stipulated
minimum yield strength, and E, efficiency of
the longitudinal joint. The value of E shall
be taken from the following:

Alternatively, the effective yield strength
maybe determined by internal hydrostatic
pressure tests on finished lengths of pipe or
on cylindrical samples cut from the results of
such tests in accordance with the following
formula:


Where:
K = effective yield strength in kPa.
P
y
= pressure at the yield strength of the pipe
in kPa.

t
D P
K
y
2
=
This maybe taken as the pressure required to
cause a volumetric offset of 0.2 per cent of
as the pressure required to cause a
permanent increase in circumference of 0.1
per cent at any point, but other suitable
methods of determining that the stress in the
steel has reached the yield strength may be
used, provided such methods conform in all
respects to recognized engineering practices.
t = stipulated nominal pipe wall thickness in
mm. D = stipulated outside diameter of pipe
in mm.
7.1 Refrigeration piping shall be understood
to comprise all refrigerant and brine piping,
whenever used and whether erected on the
premise or factory assembled.
7.2 Minimum Design Pressures for
Refrigerant Piping
a. Piping Systems for refrigerants shall be
designed for not less than the pressures given
in Table 11.8.2.1.

b. For refrigerants not listed in Table 11.8.2.1
the design pressure for the high-pressure side
shall be not less than the saturated vapour
pressure of the refrigerant at 54 C (130 F). The
design pressure for the low-pressure side shall
be not less than the saturated vapour pressure of
the refrigerant at 32 C (90 F). For refrigerant not
listed in Table 11.8.2.1 and having a critical
temperature below 54 C (130 F), the design
pressure for the high pressure side shall be not
less than 1.5 times the critical pressure and the
design pressure for the low-pressure side shall
be not less than the critical pressure. In no case
shall be design pressure be less than 270 kPa (39
psig).
c. Piping systems for brine shall be
designed for the maximum pressure which
can be imposed on the system in normal
operation, but not less than 689.5 kPa (100
psig) including for cast-iron pipe, the water
hammer allowance as shown in Table
11.8.2.3.
d. For working temperatures below 18 C (65
F), an allowance for brittleness of castings,
forgings, bolting, and pipe shall be made as
follows:
Cast Iron, Wrought-Iron, and Carbon Steel
ferrous materials shall have the design
pressure including allowance for water
hammer increased 2 percent for each degree
below 18 C (65 F) and shall not be used
below -73 C (-100 F).

Copper, brass, bronze. No adjustment.
7.3 Thickness of Pipe

The minimum thickness of pipe wall required
shall be determined by the following
formula:


Where:
t
m
= minimum pipe wall thickness in mm
C
P S
PD
t
m
+
+
=
8 . 0 2
P = maximum internal service pressure in kPa
(plus allowance for temperatures as provide in
Sec. 11.8.2.4 (7.2.d) and water hammer
allowance for cast-iron pipe as provided in Sec.
11.8.2.3 (7.2.c)). The value of P shall not be
taken at less than 689.5 kPa (100 psig) for any
condition of service or material.
D = outside diameter of pipe in mm
S = allowable stress in material due to internal
pressure, kPa, Table 11.8.3.
C = allowance for threading, mechanical
strength, and/or corrosion, in mm obtained from
the following list.

7.4 Piping of Pressure Relieving Devices

The most important design factor about
pressure relieving devices is the underlying
principle of intrinsic safety. They must fail
safe or not at all. Therefore, the solution to
problems in pressure relied piping must be
based on sound design practices. Because
failure is intolerable, simplicity and
directness of design should be encouraged as
a mass to reliability.

There are at least four good reasons why the
installation of pressure safety valves and disc
should be engineered with care:
a. The inlet and outlet piping can reduce the
capacity of the device below a safe value.
b. The operation of the device maybe
adversely affected to the point where the
opening or closing pressure is altered. In the
case of safety valves, premature leaking or
simmering may occur at pressures less than
the set pressure or chattering may occur after
the valve opens.
c. The reaction thrust at the same time the
device starts to discharge can cause mechanical
failure of the piping.
d. Good design saves maintenance pesos.


7.5 Safety Valve Inlet Piping
In order to operate satisfactorily, a safety
valve must be mounted vertically. It should
be directly on the vessel nozzle or on a short
connection fitting that provides direct and
unobstructed flow between the vessel and
the valve. Safety valves protecting piping
systems should of course be mounted in a
similar manner. The device may never be
installed on a fitting having a smaller inside
diameter than the safety valve inlet
connection.
7.6 Pressure Drop
The pressure drop between the vessel and
safety valve inlet flange should not be so
large that the valve is starved or
chattering will result. The following
limitations are suggested:
a. The pressure drop due to friction should
not exceed 1 percent of the accumulated
relieving pressure.
b. The pressure drop due to velocity head
loss should not exceed 2 percent of the
accumulated relieving pressure.

Some safety valve manufacturer suggested a
maximum total pressure drop of 2 percent of
set pressure. In the absence of test data, it is
recommended that this more conservative
limit be used.
These recommendations are based on a
blowdown of a 4 percent. Within this limits, if
the blowdown setting is increased, the pressure
drop maybe increased proportionately.
Remember however, that pressure lost in the
inlet piping must be taken into consideration
when sizing the safety valve. Pressure loss in the
discharge piping should be minimized by running
the line as directly as possible. Use long-radius
bends and avoid close-up fittings. In no case may
the cross-sectioned area of the discharge pipe be
less than that of the valve outlet.
7.7 Piping Supports

Safety valves, although they may not be
included under heading of delicate
instruments, nonetheless instruments. They
are required to measure within three percent
and to perform a specific control function.
Excessive strain on the valve body adversely
affects its ability to measure and control.
Supports for discharge piping should be designed
to keep the load on the valve to a minimum. In
high temperature service, high loads will cause
permanent distortion of the valve because of
creep in the metal. Even at low temperature,
valve distortion will cause the valve to leak at
pressures lower than the set pressure and result
in faulty operation. The discharge piping should
be supported free of the valve and carefully
aligned so that the forces acting on the valve
will be at minimum when the equipment is under
normal operating conditions. Expansion joints or
long radius bends of proper design and cold
spring should be provided to prevent excessive
strain.
The major stresses to which the discharge
pipe is subjected are usually due to thermal
expansion and discharge reaction forces. The
sudden release of compressible fluid into a
multi-directional discharge pipe produces an
impact load and bourdon effect at each
charge of direction. The piping must be
adequately anchored to prevent sway or
vibration while the valve is discharging.
NOTES:
A. The maximum weight per span is based on
bigger steel pipe size weight full of water
fittings and insulated.
1. The copper tubing and fittings (for
instrument air lines) shall be supported not
more than 5 feet on centers or as shown on the
drawings.
2. Vertical risers shall be supported from the
building construction by means of approved pipe
clamps of U-bolts at every floor. Provide slide
guides for pipes subject to thermal expansion.
Supports shall be of adequate size structural
steel shapes or sections where pipe clamps are
too short to connect to the building.
2. Piping restraints shall be provided to
prevent unnecessary pipe movements due to
vibration and seismic forces and damage to
pipe joints such as cast iron pipe soldered
copper pipes and others as required.
7.8 Reaction Forces

The total stress imposed on a safety valve or its
piping is caused by the sum of these forces:
a. Internal pressure
b. Dead weight of piping
c. Thermal expansion or contraction of either
the discharge line of the equipment upon which
the valve is mounted and
d. The bending moment cause by the reaction
thrust of the discharge.
All of these stresses except the latter are
common to practically every problem in piping
stress analysis.
The magnitude of the reaction force resulting from
the instantaneous release of a compressible fluid
maybe calculated from the two simple formulas given
below.
For safety valve:

For safety disc:

Where:
F
1
= Reaction force, kg
A = Area of valve orifice or disc., sq. Mm.
P
1
= inlet pressure at time of opening, kPa (set
pressure plus 14.7)
K = ratio of specific heats, Cp/Cv
Note: Psi x 6.895 = kPa

( )
1 1
2 . 0 AP K F + =
( )
1 1
2 . 0 63 . 0 AP K F + =
If it is possible for air to be relieved from the
system under special conditions, use a
minimum value of K = 1.4 for design.
Calculation of the reaction force for liquid
service demonstrates that this force is
negligible. However, since it is usually
possible to trap air or gas in any pressure
system, it is recommended that K = 104 be
used in the above formulas as a basis design
for liquid service.

7.9 Compressor Piping

Piping in a compressor circuit should connect
directly point to point; bends instead of
elbows give less friction loss and less
vibration; angular branch connections
eliminate hard tees and give a smoother
flow; double offsets for directional change
should be avoided;
closely integrated intercoolers with the
machine minimizes piping; pulsation
dampeners should be located on the
cylinders without any interconnecting pipe;
knockout drums should be adjacent to the
machine; several aftercoolers or exchangers
in the circuit should be stacked as much as
possible for a direct gas flow; and equipment
in the circuit should be in process flow
sequence.
Because of the ever present vibration
problems of reciprocating compressors, pipe
supports have a very important role in piping
design. Supports independent of any other
foundation or structure is almost mandatory.
Pipe systems nailed down close to grade is
a much preferred arrangement. If badly
designed compressor piping has to be
corrected after start-up of the plant, it can
become very expensive.
INTRODUCTION

Valves are mechanical devices designed to
direct, start, stop, mix or regulate the flow,
pressure or temperature of a process fluid. The
common types of valves available are gate
valves, globe valves, butterfly valves etc. the
materials commonly used for construction are
iron, steel, plastic, brass or a mixture of special
alloys.
According to their function valves may be
classified as on-off valves, non-return valves,
and control valves. The on-off valves are used to
start or stop the flow through the process. Gate
valves and pressure relief valves are examples of
on-off type of valves to mention a few. The non-
return valves allow the fluid to flow in one
particular direction only. The control valves are
used to regulate flow, temperature or pressure
through a system.
ON-OFF VALVES:
GATE VALVES
Gate valves are linear motion valves having a
closure element perpendicular to the process
flow that slides into the main stream to provide
shut off. These are used in low-pressure systems.
The problem with these valves is that they
cannot handle throttling operations, are easily
fouled and cannot be used in systems having
high-pressure drops. It is difficult to obtain tight
shut off with these valves and they take longer
to open or close than any other manual valves.
The different types of gate valves are parallel
gate valves knife edged gate valves and through
conduit gate valves.
BUTTERFLY VALVES
These valves are mainly used as an onoff valve.
It is mainly a rotary motion valve that uses a
rotating round disk as a regulating element.
There are two types of butterfly valves
concentric and eccentric butterfly valves. These
valves can be directly installed in between two
flanges without any special end connections
owing to their very narrow face-to-face
dimensions.
It has a large flow coefficient and due to rotary
motion of shaft the friction forces generated are
far less than a linear motion valve. They have a
high pressure recovery factor. These valves are
used in low pressure applications. Cavitation and
choked flow can occur easily with these valves
when installed in an application with high
pressure drop.
PLUG COCKS AND BALL VALVES
For temperature below 250 C, metallic plug
cocks are useful in chemical process lines. As in
laboratory stopcock, a quarter turn of the stem
takes the valve from fully open to fully closed,
and when fully open, the channel through the
plug may be as large as the inside of the pipe
itself, and the pressure drop is minimal. In a ball
valve the sealing element is spherical, and the
problems of alignment and freezing of the
element are less than with a plug cock.
In both plug cocks and ball valves the area of
contact between moving element and the seat is
large, and both can therefore be used in
throttling service. Ball valves find occasional
application in flow control.
NON RETURN (CHECK) VALVES
Non-return valves allow the fluid to flow only in
the desired direction. The design is such that any
flow or pressure in the opposite direction is
mechanically restricted from occurring. All check
valves are non return valves.
Non return valves are used to prevent back flow
of fluids, which could damage equipment or
upset the process. Such valves are especially
useful in protecting a pump in a liquid
application or compressed gas applications from
back flow when pump or compressor is shut
down . Non return valves are also used in process
systems that have varying pressure which must
be kept separate.
There are two types of check(non-return) valves,
swing types and spring types.
In the swing type, the pressure of the water
forces the valve gate to 'swing' open, but once
the flow stops, gravity causes the gate to fall
closed , preventing a reversal of the flow. This
type of valve must be mounted vertically or
horizontally to work properly.
In contrast, the gate in a spring check valve is
spring loaded. Water pressure forces the gate
open just as in the swing type, but when the
flow stops, the spring, not gravity, forces the
gate closed. This enables the valve to be
mounted in any position and at any angle..
GLOBE VALVES
A globe valve is a linear motion valve
characterized by a globe style body with a long
face to face dimension that accommodates
smooth, rounded flow passages sufficiently long
enough to ensure smooth flow through the valve
without any sharp turns. These valves can be
used in both gas as well as liquid applications
and can handle severe conditions of temperature
and pressure.
The majority of the globe valves have a top
entry design thus permitting a easier servicing of
the internal parts and allowing the valves to
remain in line when maintenance is taking place.
But these valves have certain disadvantages also.
They have a high cost and a large size factor and
cannot be used for unclean liquids. They are
mainly used for flow control and in cases
involving vacuum or high temperature extremes.
SOLENOID VALVE:
Solenoid valves are best suited for small, short-
stroke on-off operations requiring very high
speed of response. These valves can open or
close in 8 to 12 milliseconds. However, they are
limited to pressure drops below 20.7 bars
although when pivoted with pilot levers or
double seats, they can handle higher pressure
drops. A solenoid valve contains a valve body, a
magnetic core attached to the stem and disc,
and a solenoid coil. A small spring assists the
release and initial closing of the valve. The valve
is electrically energized to open.
When an electrical signal is input to a solenoid
valve (magnetic changeover valve), the drawing
force of the solenoid moves the spool, changing
the direction of flow. Because the electrical
signal is switched at the valve, remote control
and automatic control are simple. Stronger
springs are used to overcome the friction of the
packing when it is required. Reversing the valve
plug causes reverse action (open when de-
energized). These valves are quite expensive.
Bellow Seal Valve
Bellow seal valves are a special type of globe
valves which are used for fine control of flow.
The main difference between the ordinary globe
valves and the bellow seal valve is that in the
globe valve there is gland packing along the stem
but in the bellow seal valve, a bellow is used to
prevent leakage instead of the packing. Bellow
seal valves are totally leak-proof. They are used
to handle corrosive liquids. This type of valve
has been used in the butadiene extraction unit.
MATERIAL OF CONSTRUCTION OF VALVES
The selection of the valve body material is
usually based on pressure, temperature,
corrosive properties and erosive properties of
the flow media. Also the choice of the materials
depends on economic factors. Majority of control
valves involve non corrosive fluids at reasonable
temperatures and pressure. Therefore cast iron
and cast carbon steel are most commonly used
valve body materials.
The purpose of the pipe schedule standards
is for all industries that use pipes to use the
same standards. Pipe schedules are a means
of categorizing pipe and identifying the
strengths and characteristics of its
capabilities. For all pipe sizes and outside
diameter (O.D.) remains relatively constant.
The variations in wall thickness affects only
the inside diameter (I.D.).
Pipe schedule is an American definition to
define pipe thickness and how much pressure
can the pipe stand. The most commonly used
schedules today are 40, 80, and 160. There is
a commonly held belief that the schedule
number is an indicator of the service
pressure that the pipe can take.
The Iron pipe size (IPS) is an older system
still used by some manufacturers and legacy
drawings and equipment. The IPS number is
the same as the NPS, but the schedules were
limited to Standard Wall (STD), Extra Strong
(XS), and Double Extra Strong (XXS). STD is
identical to SCH 40 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 10,
inclusive, and indicates 0.375 wall thickness
for NPS 12 and larger. SX is identical to SCH
80 for NPS 1/8 to NPS 8, inclusive, and
indicates 0.500 wall thickness for NPS 8 and
larger. Different definitions exist for XXS, but
it is generally thicker than schedule 160.
Industrial pipe thickness follow a set
formula, expressed as the schedule
number as established by the American
Standard Association (ASA) now re-organized
as ANI the American National Standard
Institute. Eleven schedule number are
available for use: 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 80,
100, 120, 140, & 160.
A schedule number indicate the
approximate value of
Sch. No. = 1000P/S
Where
P = service pressure (psi)
S = allowable stress (psi)

The higher the schedule number is, the
thicker the pipe is. Since the outside
diameter of each pipe size is standardized, a
particular nominal pipe size will have
different inside pipe diameter depending on
the schedule specified.

Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

To distinguish different weights of pipe. It is
common to use the Schedule terminology
from ANSI/ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless
Wrought Steel Pipe:
Light Wall
Schedule 10 (Sch/10, S/10)
Schedule 20 (Sch/20, S/20)
Schedule 30 (Sch/30, S/30)
Schedule 40 (Sch/40, S/40)


Standard Weight (ST, Std, STD)
Schedule 60 (Sch/60, S/60)
Extra Strong (Extra Heavy, EH, XH, XS)
Schedule 80 (Sch/80, S/80)
Schedule 100 (Sch/100, S/100)
Schedule 120 (Sch/120, S/120)
Schedule 140 (Sch/140, S/140)
Schedule 160 (Sch/160, S/160)
Double Extra Strong (Double extra heavy,
XXH, XXS)
Note that many of the schedules are
identical in certain sizes.



Stainless Steel Pipe

For stainless steel pipe thru 12-inch,
schedule numbers from Schedule 5S to
schedule 80S are used as published in
ANSI/ASME 36.19M Stainless Steel Pipe.
Schedule 5S (Sch/5S, S/5S)
Schedule 10S (Sch/10S, S/10S)
Schedule 40S (Sch/40S, S/40S)
Schedule 80S (Sch/80S, S/80S)




Copper pipe and tube comes in a variety of
types, with different wall thicknesses,
ductility and intended used. The difference
between copper pipe and copper tube is the
the way the diameter of the pipe is
measured. Copper tube is measured by
outside diameter (OD) whereas copper pipe
is measured by inside diameter (ID).
Depending on the plumbing job you are
doing, local and national plumbing codes will
dictate which type of copper pipe is
acceptable.
Type L copper pipe

Type L copper pipe and tube has a thicker
wall than type M and DWV pipes making it
the preferred choice for longevity. There are
two kinds of type L; Hard, and soft temper.
Type L will be marked with blue along the
pipe or tubing.

Hard temper type L plumbing applications
include:

Above ground water distribution
Above and below ground drainage and venting
systems
Building sewer

Soft temper type L plumbing applications
include:

Water service pipe
Water distribution above and below ground


Type M copper pipe

Type M copper pipe and tubing is commonly
used in residential plumbing because it has
thin walls and can be produced and sold at a
much lower cost. For water distribution
longevity type M is not recommended. Type
M copper is also better for heating
applications because of the thin wall
thickness. Type M is identified with RED
markings along the pipe.



Hard temper type M plumbing applications
include:

Above ground water distribution
Above ground drainage systems

Soft temper type M shall not be used in
plumbing systems.




Type K copper pipe

Type K copper pipe and tube is the most
robust of the four types because it has the
largest wall thickness. Type K comes in hard
and soft temper and will be identified by
green markings. Type K copper can be used
for many other applications such as: Fuel,
gasses, HVAC, fire protection systems and
vacuum systems to name a few.





Hard temper type K plumbing applications
include:

Above ground water distribution
Above and below ground drainage and venting
systems
Building sewer

Soft temper type K plumbing applications
include:

Water service pipe
Water distribution above and below ground






DWV copper pipe

DWV copper pipe is used for drainage waste
and vent (DWV), above ground only and is
identified by yellow markings.







1. Determine the specifications of material
and wall thickness for a 12 in pipe to carry
steam at a state selected from the following:
(a) 425 psig, 600 F; (b) 400 psig, saturated;
(c) 1275 psig, 950 F
(d) 850 psig, 850 F.

2. Would Schedule 120, 8 in pipe made to
A53-SA Specification be acceptable on a line
operating at 250 psig, 750 F?
3. Specify the pipe required to carry
600,000 lb steam per hr at 1255 psig, 1000 F,
with velocity approximating 10,000 fpm.
4. What maximum working pressure is
advisable in an 18 in OD, Schedule 40 pipe
A53-SA, operations not to exceed 450 F?