Fundamentals of Chemistry

Chem 1102 Aspects of Chemistry

Fall 2008
Chemistry
The Central Science
The study of matter
Explains every aspect of daily life
Is essential to understand nearly all scientific,
medical and pharmaceutical disciplines, and
engineering
A Qualitative Science
Chemistry is based in experimental
observation
Chemistry
A Quantitative Science
We want to know how many, how much, how
good is the measurement
An Experimental Science
A Method of Inquiry
Based on the Scientific Method
An intellectual pursuit
To probe the world around us
Scientific Method
Identify a question
Propose a hypothesis
Construct and carry out experiment to test
hypothesis
Observe and record results
Refine hypothesis
Test refined hypothesis with more expts (repeat
as needed)
Develop theory that is consistent with
observations and accepted laws of nature and
predicts future exptal outcomes
Chemistry in Daily Life
Health care including diagnostics,
treatment, medicine, prevention (p. 1, 17,
18, 78, 102, 113, 118, 128, 166, 172, 178, 208,
226)
Food (p. 2, 5, 7, 11, 13, 21, 29, 36, 52, 66, 83,
84, 100, 116, 118, 175, 197, 199, 205
Environment (p. 46, 50, 105, 107, 122, 145,
180, 195)
Materials around the house (all the rest)
Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter
Matter has mass and volume
Matter has physical properties
Matter has chemical properties
There are 3 states of matter
And how matter changes
Life of the cell
Production and decay of material
Combustion of fuels
Figure 1.16
Organization
of Matter
(Zumdahl)
Atomic Theory of Matter (1808)
John Dalton (1766-1844)
Elements (matter) are composed of atoms
The atoms of a given element are
identical. Each element is characterized
by the mass of its atoms.
Compounds are formed when atoms of
different elements combine with each
other.
Atomic Theory of Matter (2)
A given compound is a chemical
combination of the same atoms in the
same relative numbers.
A chemical reaction is the rearrangement
of atoms leading to new compounds.
Atoms are neither destroyed nor created in
a chemical reaction (Conservation of
Mass).

http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline//page
s/1911.html


A Deeper Look into the Atom
Particle Mass (kg) Charg
e
Discoverer
Electron, e- 9.11E-31 -1 J.J. Thomson
Proton, p+ 1.67E-27 +1 E. Rutherford
Neutron, n0 1.67E-27 0 Chadwick
Other
Figure 2.13 (Zumdahl) (a) Expected Results
of the Metal Foil Experiment if Thomson's
Model Were Correct (b) Actual Results
More on the Atom
An atom is uniquely defined by #p+ = Z = atomic
number (see Periodic Table)
In a neutral atom, #p+ = #e-; note that #n is not
equal to #p+ nor #e-.
In an atomic ion, #p+ #e- resulting in a net
nonzero charge on the species
Neutral atoms can lose electrons producing a positive
ion or cation because #p+ > #e-
Or gain electrons - ion or anion because #p+ < #e-
Isotope
Atoms which have the same Z (same # p
+
)
but a different A (different # n
0
)
Most elements have isotopes that occur in
nature in precise proportions (fractional
abundances, %).
A few elements have no naturally
occurring isotopes.
Figure 2.21 The Periodic Table
Periodic Table
An arrangement of elements according to
increasing atomic number (Z) which shows
the periodic or regularly repeating nature
of elemental properties.
Rows = periods
Columns = groups or families
Metals, Nonmetals, Semimetals
Main group (A), Transition Metals,
Lanthanides and Actinides
http://www.webelements.com/
http://periodictable.com/
http://www.uky.edu/Projects/Chemcomics/


On to Molecules (n x 10
6
)
Molecules form when atoms are
connected by chemical bonds in which
electrons act as the glue between atoms.
A compound has more than one type of
atom bonded together.
Chemical Bond Types
IONIC: metal + nonmetal
Electrons are transferred from metal to
nonmetal thus creating a cation (+) and anion
(-) which attract each other
COVALENT: nonmetal + nonmetal
Electrons are shared by both atoms
METALLIC: metal + metal

Chemical Formula
Shorthand symbol for cmps
Qualitative description of the constituent
elements in a molecule or ion.
C
12
H
22
O
11
contains C, H and O
Quantitative description of the relative
numbers (subscripts) of atoms of each
element.
One molecule of sucrose has 12-C, 22-H and
11-O
Chemical Reaction
A chemical rxn is a rearrangement of
atoms in which reactant compounds are
converted into product compounds.
During a chem rxn, chemical bonds in the
reactants are broken and chemical bonds
in the products are created.
A rxn is accompanied by a change in
energy (i.e. heat can be absorbed or given
off), color, state of matter, etc.
Chemical Equation
Shorthand symbolic notation for a chemical
reaction
CH
4
(g) + O
2
(g) H
2
O() + CO
2
(g)
Note that this reaction is NOT BALANCED
Qualitative aspect
identity of reactants [R] and products [P]; use study of
nomenclature to write equations
Identify the state of matter for each [R] and [P]
identify reaction type
Chemical Equation (2)
Quantitative aspect
how much reactant is consumed and how
much product is formed
coefficients must be consistent with the Law
of Conservation of Mass; atoms are neither
created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
i.e. chemical equation must be balanced
CH
4
(g) + 2O
2
(g) 2H
2
O() + CO
2
(g)
Note that this reaction is BALANCED