STEADY 1D FLOW WITH HEAT TRANSFER

Chapter-6
Gas Dynamics
By
Zucrow
PROCESS AND ITS GOVERNING EQUATIONS
Continuity Equation
=constant
m V
G V
A v
= = =
Momentum Equation
0 dp VdV + =
Energy Equation
2
2
V
Q dh d dH o
| |
= + =
|
\ .
Entropy Equation constant s =
PROCESS AND ITS GOVERNING EQUATIONS -2
Combine Continuity and Momentum equation
0 dp GdV + =
Integrate between
states 1 and 2
2 2 1 1
constant p GV p GV p GV + = + = + =
2 2
constant p GV p V pA AV + = + = + = = F constant
A
p GV + = =
F
2 2
1 1 2 2
constant p G v p G v + = + =
terms have a same value
BUT
correspond to two different
states of the fluid
Due to heat transfer
Thus this eq. when plotted will
correspond to a set of
thermodynamic states attainable
by a fluid going through the said process
For known G & initial condition (p
1
, v
1
) assume p
2
, calculate v
2
, read the other
thermodynamic properties(t
2
, h
2
, s
2
etc) from the gas tables. Plot these values on
hs plane for different ps or pv plane for constant h or s
THE RAYLEIGH LINE (R-Line)
2 2
1 1 2 2
constant p G v p G v + = + =
2
2 1
2 1
constant
p p
G
v v

= =

A straight line on pv plane

Having a slope = -G
2

( )
1
2
1
2 2 1
2 1
tan
p p
V vG v v
v v
o
| |

= = =
|

\ .
Angle of R Line on pv pane
Thus velocity of the fluid corresponding to each state can be calculated
Let us plot the R Line on pv plane
THE R-LINE CHARACTERISTICS
h lines (constant h)
1
2
2'
p
1
p
2
p
2'
R Line

R Line angle o

(p
2
- p
1
) for G = a
Ah=h
1
h
2

(p
2
- p
1
) for G = 2a
Ah=h
1
h
2'
p

v
1
v

Increasing h
R Line tangent to h line
(max enthalpy)

R Line angle =h line angle =o

cool

Conditions for Maximum Enthalpy and Entropy
STATES OF MAX h & s ON THE SAME R LINE
h line (constant h)
p

v

s line (constant s)
R Line

State of maximum entropy
M =1
State of maximum enthalpy
M < 1
M > 1
STATES OF MAXIMUM ENTHALPY AND
ENTROPY ON THE SAME R LINE
Some Important Points About R-Line
1. Specific volume is more at the point of maximum entropy than at the
point of maximum enthalpy
2. Once point of maximum enthalpy is reached, any further addition of heat
will result in the rise in velocity of fluid equal to the amount of heat added
3. If the velocity of the fluid is increased at a rate faster than the heat
addition rate then its enthalpy decreases
1. (energy to increase the velocity comes from the energy stored in the fluid)
The slope of h line on the pv plane
( )
tan
h
p
v
o
c
| |
=
|
c
\ .
The slope of R line on the pv plane
( )
2
2
2
tan
R
p V
G
v v
o
c
| |
= = =
|
c
\ .
At point of max enthalpy;
2
2
tan tan
V
v
o o = =
Some Important Points About R-Line, -2
The slope of s line on the pv plane
( )
2
2 2
1
tan
s
s
p p a
v v v
|

| | c c
| |
= = =
| |
c c
\ .
\ .
The slope of R line on the pv plane ( )
2
2
2
tan
R
p V
G
v v
o
c
| |
= = =
|
c
\ .
At point of max entropy;
2 2
2 2
tan tan
V a
V a
v v
o | = = =
Following inferences can be made
1. The maximum velocity the fluid can attain is the local speed of
sound at the point of maximum entropy for a given set of conditions
2. At such conditions the flow said to be thermally choked
3. Further addition of heat does not allow the fluid to attain states
beyond choking, it rather produces changes in the upstream
conditions
LET US SEE HOW THE R-LINE LOOKS ON hs PLANE
R-Line on hs Plane
Effect of Heat Addition on Temperature
Intersection of R-Line and F-Line on hs Plane
For a given set of initial conditions plot both the R-line and F-Line
1
2
h
s
INFERENCES
1. F Line has same H
2. R-Line same F/A
3. At state 1 & 2 both lines gave
same G, H and F/A
4. Process involving change in states
of fluids from 1 to 2 are possible
thermodynamically
5. This change must be spontaneous
6. A compression shock wave
7. Change from state 2 to 1 is not
possible
8. Gas at M>1 compresses in a
shockwave and changes to M<1
9. But gas at M<1 cannot expand to
M>1
10.Across shock waves M decreases
Rayleigh Line for Perfect Gases
In Reyleigh Flow the stream thrust per unit area remains constant
( )
2
2 2
constant 1 1
A
V
p GV p V p p M
p

| |
= + = + = = + = +
|
\ .
F
Hence both the static and stagnation pressure ratios can be found as:
2
2 2
2
1 1
1
1
p M
p M

| |
+
=
|
+
\ .
1
2
1
1
2
P
M
p

| |
= +
|
\ .
Static pressure
ratio
Since by
definition
Hence Stagnation pressure ratio
-1
-1
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 1
2
2 2
1 1 2
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
2 2
1 1
1
1 1
2 2
M M
P p M
P p M
M M

| | | |
+ +
| |
| | +
= =
| | |

+
\ .
| |
+ +
\ . \ .
Static temperature ratio can be found by rewriting the continuity equation
constant
m V V p V p M
G V
Rt
A v Rt
Rt
p

= = = = = = =
OR
2 2 1 1
2 1
p M p M
Rt Rt


=
2 2 1 1
2 1
p M p M
t t
=
Hence Static temperature Ratio is:
2
2 2
2 2 1
2 2
1 1 2
1
1
t M M
t M M

| |
+
=
|
+
\ .
Entropy
Change
Rayleigh Line for Perfect Gases
Rayleigh Line for Perfect Gases
Slope of R-line
Slope of h-line
Slope of s-line
If slopes of s-line and
R-line are same
If slopes of h-line and
R-line are same
Rayleigh Line for Perfect Gases
From definition of stagnation temperature
Entropy Change
Effect of Heat Transfer on Fluid Properties
Rayleigh Line Tables for Perfect Gases
Assignment
Chapter 5
1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
Chapter 6 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 (a), 14, 15 (a)