& inflammation Cell injury & inflammation

& inflammation Cell injury & inflammation

n Cell Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation
 CAUSES OF CELL INJURY:

•Hypoxia
•Physical agents (heat, cold, radiation, trauma)
•Chemical agents and drugs
•Microbiologic agents
•Immunologic reactions
•Genetic defects
•Nutritional imbalances

n Cell Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation

 Normal Cell
[ homeostasis]
Stress. Injurious
increased stimulus
demand

Adaptation Cell injury

Inability
Cell death
to adapt

n Cell Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation

 ATROPHY:

•Acquired shrinkage in the size of the cell.

HYPERTROPHY :

•An increase in the size of the cells and thus an increase

in the size of the tissue or organ

•The end result is to lessen the amount of increased

work that each individual cell must perform in response
to the stimulation or stress

n Cell Cell Adaptation Cell Adaptation

 HYPERPLASIA :
•An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

DYSPLASIA :
• change in the appearance of cells after they have been
subjected to chronic irritation.

METAPLASIA :
•transformation of one adult cell type to another
(reversible)

& inflammation Cell injury & inflammation

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
IMMUNE SYSTEM

•Protects us against billions of bacteria, viruses

and other parasites.

TWO CATEGORY
a.Innate Immunity (Non-specific mechanism

Mechanical Mechanism
Chemical Mediators
Cell
Inflammatory Response

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense

b. Adaptive Immunity (Specific Defense
Mechanism)

 Humoral Immune System (B cell)

 Cell-mediated Immune System (T cell)

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense

STAGES OF IMMUNE RESPONSE:

1.Recognition stage – antigen are recognize by

circulating lymphocytes and macrophages.

2.Proliferation stage – stimulation of dormant’s

lymphocytes.

3.Plasma cell = Anti-bodies = Cytotoxic cell = Release

in blood stream

4.Effectors stage – Destroy by the Antibiotics.

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense

INNATE IMMUNITY

 It protects you against all antigens

 involves barriers that keep harmful
materials from entering your body
 the first line of defense in the immune
response

a) MECHANICAL MECHANISM
 prevent the entry of microorganisms and
chemical into the body in two ways (1.) the
skin and mucous membrane forms barrier that
prevents their entry.
Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
(2.) tears, saliva and urine act to wash them from
the surfaces of the body.

b) CHEMICAL MEDIATORS – molecules

responsible for many aspects of innate immunity

 Interferons
proteins that are produced when a cell is
infected by a virus

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense

 Complement
 the operation is similar to that of clotting
proteins
Once activated certain complement proteins
promote inflammation and phagocytosis and
can directly lyse (rupture) bacterial cells.

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense

c. CELL – white blood cells and the cells
derived from white blood cells are the most
important cellular components of immunity

 Phagocytic Cells
o Neutrophils – small phagocytic cells that are
usually the first cells to enter infected tissue.
o Macrophages – usually appear in the infected
tissues after neutrophils & responsible for most
of the phagocytic activity.

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense

 Cells of Inflammation
o Basophils – could leave the blood and
enter infected tissue.

o Mast Cells – nonmotile cells in connective

tissue, especially near capillaries.

o Eosinophils – produce enzymes that break

down chemicals released by basophils and mast
cells.

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense

 Natural Killer Cells – recognizes classes
of cells, such as tumor cells or virus-infected
cells in general. Release chemical that
damage cell membranes causing cell to lyse.

d. Inflammatory Response

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense

ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

 only component of the immune system that

confers any immunity against pathogens. It
also enhances some effects of the innate
immune system, such as inflammation and
complement protein responses.

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense

a. B cells
 produce antibodies. Antibodies attach to a
specific antigen and make it easier for the
immune cells to destroy the antigen.

b. T cells
 attack antigens directly and help control of the
immune response. They also release
chemicals, known as interleukins, which control
the entire immune response.

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense

Body Defense Body Defense Body Defense
Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory
 “In-flame” – to set fire. (red, hot, pain)

Inflammation

 “dynamic response of vascularised tissue

to injury.”

 It is physiologic, protective response.

 Serves to bring defense & healing

mechanisms to the site of injury.

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory

 CARDINAL SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
Rubor (redness)
• caused by hyperemia
Calor (heat)
•caused by vasodilation
Tumor (swelling)
•caused by fluid exudation
Dolor (pain)
•caused by pressure of fluid exudates and
chemical irritation of nerve endings
Loss of function
•caused by swelling and pain

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory
 SYSTEMIC REACTIONS
IN INFLAMMATION
1. fever
2. increased WBC
3. increased erythrocyte sedimentation
rate (ESR)

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory

 INFLAMMATION - MECHANISM
1. Vaso dilatation

2. Exudation - Edema

3. Emigration of cells

4. Chemotaxis

5. Phagocytosis

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory

 CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATION

According to characteristic type of exudates:

•Serous – clear; easily reabsorbed without
damage
•Fibrinous – filled with large amount of
fibrinogen
•Sanguinous or hemorrhagic – large amount of
blood from vascular damage

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory

 •Purulent or suppurative – results
from bacterial infection

•Catarrhal – mucinous secretion and

results from viral infection of
respiratory tract

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory

 CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATION

According to position that inflamed

area occupies within involved tissue:
•Abscess – localized collection of pus
caused by suppuration in tissue, organ
and confined space
•Sinus – infection forming abscess
develops suppurating channel and
ruptures onto the surface or into a body
cavity

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory

 •Fistula – infection forms a tube-like passage
from an epithelium-lined organ or normal body
cavity to the surface of another organ or cavity

•Cellulitis – inflammatory process poorly

defined and diffused with tendency to spread;
involves cellular or connective tissue

•Ulcer – superficial defect on surface of organ

or tissue caused by sloughing of necrotic
tissues

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory

 CLASSIFICATION OF INFLAMMATION

According to duration or length of time

•Acute
Lasts less than 2 weeks; response is immediate;
healing takes place with return of normal structure
and function

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory

 •Chronic
 Lasts from several weeks to years;
debilitating and produces long lasting
effect; proliferative cell multiplication,
cellular filtration, necrosis, fibrosis or
scarring; with periods of

Remission – disease is present but the

person does not experience symptoms

Exacerbation – acute phase, signs and

symptoms are back

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory

Inflammatory Inflammatory Response Inflammatory
e Altered Immune Altered Immune Altered Immune
 IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS

occur when the immune response is

inappropriate, excessive, or lacking.

Complications related to altered immune

responses include:

Allergy or hypersensitivity
Anaphylaxis
Autoimmune disorders

e Altered Immune Altered Immune Altered Immune

 Blood transfusion reaction

Disease development

Graft versus host disease

Immunodeficiency disorders

Serum sickness

Transplant rejection

e Altered Immune Altered Immune Altered Immune

Thank You !!!