CHAPTER THREE

INTEGRAL RELATIONS FOR A CONTROL

VOLUME
Contents
Introduction
Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics
The Reynolds Transport Theorem
Conservation of Mass Equation
Linear Momentum Equation
Angular Momentum Equation
Energy Equation
Bernoullis Equation

Introduction
Fluid Flows are governed by a set of natural laws. And these laws are
elegantly defined by mathematics. We make appropriate choice of the
approach we follow for some particular fluid flow problem. We need to call
back to the different approaches mentioned in Chapter one:
Integral Relations for a Control Volume : In this approach gross analysis of
properties of fluid flow is analyzed for a selected finite control volume.
Differential Relations for a Fluid Flow : Unlike the Integral approach, the properties
of interest are evaluated at infinitesimal points and instantaneous time.
Dimensional Analysis: This is also another mathematical technique used in fluid
flow analysis which eases a great deal of complications that happen in analytical
approaches. It involves extensive experimental investigation.
Numerical or Computational Methods: It utilizes numerical methods based on the
basic governing equations. There are many unsolved mathematical relations which
can only be approached by this method.
Physical Laws of Fluid Mechanics
There are some entities that needs to be well defined before we formulate
physical laws in fluid Mechanics.
System : It is an arbitrary quantity of mass with fixed identity. All the laws
of mechanics are written for a system.
The mass of a system is conserved or
Surrounding : Anything outside the system
Boundary : It is an imaginary wall that separates the system from the
surrounding
Control volume (CV): is the space occupied by a system at some instant,
and all the laws that apply for the system apply for the CV too, just at the
instant.

The Reynolds transport theorem
The Reynolds transport theorem is a model of transport phenomena
of different extensive properties in fluids.
There are three types of CVs:
Fixed CV
Moving CV
Deformable CV

Arbitrary fixed CV
The figure shows an
arbitrary CV with arbitrary
flow pattern. There are
extensive properties
crossing (entering or exiting)
the boundary (Control
surface) of the CV.
Part of the extensive
properties are accumulated
inside the CV.

The condensed form of the Reynolds transport theorem is given below, with the
convention that influx is taken as negative and outflux is positive.


For fixed CV


CV moving at constant velocity


Arbitrarily moving and deformable CV



=

Intensive property
Extensive property
Conservation of mass Equation
Here, the Reynolds transport theorem is applied to conservation of
mass, where B = is the extensive property and the intensive
property is unity, =

= 1.





For fixed CV
A system consists of a fixed quantity of mass, as a result conservation of mass demands

= 0.
For one dimensional inlets and
outlets


For steady flow


For steady and one dimensional
inlet and outlet
For incompressible flow

For incompressible flow with
one dimensional inlet and outlet


For steady and one dimensional
inlet and outlet









Linear momentum equation
Here, the Reynolds transport theorem is applied to linear momentum
equation , where = is the extensive property and the intensive
property, =

=
()

= .




For one dimensional momentum
flux


Force is equivalent to the rate of change of linear
momentum since mass is conserved for a system
Surface forces on a CV
Pressure force
Viscous stress force
Mechanical reaction force (e.g.: - flange connections in pipes)





Jet exit pressure is normally
taken as atmospheric except
for supersonic jet.


















The angular momentum equation
Here, the Reynolds transport theorem is applied to angular
momentum equation , where

is the extensive
property and the intensive property, =

=
( )

=


As the rate of angular momentum of the system is equivalent to the
net moment about some fixed point O, then


For fixed CV


For one dimensional inlet and exit










The Energy Equation
The Reynolds transport theorem also applies for Energy. The
extensive property is = , and the intensive property is specific
energy, = .


The rate of energy transfer of the system is equal to the rate of work
and heat transfer
A system of fluid possesses energy in different forms.
Chemical rxn, Electrostatic, magnetic field etc..
Work done on a system of fluid is by shaft, by pressure and viscous
stresses on surface boundaries. If the surface is part of a machine, the
pressure work is accounted in the shaft work.

Pressure work



Viscous stress work
For a fixed CV


Taking the pressure work term () to the right side, the energy
equation takes its most convenient general form for a fixed CV

One dimensional energy flux




For steady flow one dimensional inlet and outlet, the energy equation
becomes:


But mass is conserved for a system, therefore:


The above energy equation is utilized for flow through pipes with no
shaft work, negligible viscous work and heat transfer.

Note: Doing work against friction increases internal energy. Therefore, the internal
energy term in the energy equation is accounted in the friction head term, as shown in
the above equation.





Bernoullis Principle
This principle was merely stated by Daniel Bernoulli and later derived
by Leonard Euler. It is the relation b/n pressure, velocity and head in
steady, frictionless, incompressible and stream line flow.
We can see Bernoullis equation in action in Venturi meter, Nozzles
and diffusers, Flow over airfoil blades (e.g.: - airplane wing), etc
The equation can be directly derived or simplified from the energy
equation.