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Infra-Red Lock-in Thermography A.

Reichold
M. Lefebvre
20 June 2000 Detect features or defects in a material from heat wave interference
effects on the surface
Potentially useful for ATLAS Inner Detector, but also for the NAPL
in general
A prototype experimental setup was constructed and successfully
operated
Principle of operation
Theory excerpts
Experimantal setup
Data acquisition and analysis
Analysis results
IR Camera calibration setup
Prospects
M. Phys project students Alex
Ivison and Steven Mould
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Principle of Operation

measures surface temperature


( )
( )
( )
( ) s /
2
m constant diffusion
J/kgK capacity heat specific
3
kg/m density
W/mK ty conductivi thermal




p
p
c
c

= o

a periodic heat flux is incident on the


surface of interest
the surface temperature is measured
and local variations in the phase
and/or amplitude are sought
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Theory excerpts
( )
( )
T T
T c q J q
T J
2
equation diffusion get the then we 0 c that assuming
3
J/m density heat the is
p
where on conservati energy local states
3
W/m equation flow heat the is
p
V =
= V =
V =
= = =

Consider the simplest case where the object is an infinite plate of thickness l along x,
and with the steady state boundary conditions
( ) ( )
( ) t T x T
J /4 t cos J 0 x J
A
= =
+ + + = =
l
l

We also assume heat transport via thermal conduction in the plate, that is no convection
and no radiation. The problem is then, for the static case,
( ) t x, T find l , , , T , J , J , Given
l A
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Theory excerpts (continued)
We find that the oscillatory part of the solution is proportional to
( )
( )
( ) ( ) x 2 k t cos e kx t cos e
x 2 k kx
+ + + +


l
l
where we recognise the forward and backward damped waves, where
o
e
o
o +
o
= q
o
2
k 2k
cos
sin
tan l
e
But to study the amplitude and phase of the x=0 surface temperature, it is more
convenient to seek a solution of the form
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) | | ( )
o
o
= =
+

= =
e + + e e
sinh
sin
0, x n ta and
cos cosh
cos cosh

2
0, x g where

J
2
1
A
, cos , x t x g

l
A study of the transient solution reveals a longest component lifetime to which we can
associate a natural frequency of the object
e
t
= o
e
e
e
o t
e
~
2

~

4
define which we from
2
2

l
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Theory excerpts (continued)
At low frequency, the
temperature spectrum follows
the heat input. It acquires a t/4
phase lag at high frequency
The amplitude decrease with frequency, as
the surface temperature falls behind the heat
input. The rate of change of the amplitude
is maximum at the natural frequency
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Experimental Setup
HV
30A 60V
PowerTen
PC
ComputerBoards
PC
Jenoptik
Varioscan
software
glass
Bakelite object
with defects
IR Camera
Jenoptik Varioscan
3011-ST
9 X 200W bulbs for
a usable 1500W
DAQ control
Labview
1 2
3 4
2.07mm ) (
1.10mm ) (
9.64mm ) (
hole2
hole1
plate
=
=
=
l
l
l
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Data Acquisition and Analysis
M. Phys. Project Students: Alex Ivison and Steven Mould
DAQ under Labview control
sinusoidal heat source (frequency and amplitude)
IR camera trigger (number and relative phase)
T-probes (light array, glass, object)
Data taken: sets of 4 pictures for periods between 15 and 500s
Data analysis: extract amplitude and phase from each set of 4 pictures
PC
SID
file
C++
IRBIS
Labview
analysis
ASCII
file
BMP
file
IR Camera
C++
analysis
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Results
Analysis of pictures of hole 2
with 120s period
Phase picture
Amplitude picture
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Results (continued)
Hole 2, 120s, amplitude Hole 2, 150s, amplitude
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Results (continued)
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Results (continued)
Compare with the theory for
the infinite plates case with
the following nominal
quantities for bakelite
( )
( )
/s cm 0072 . 0
J/gK 1.5 c
W/mK 1.4
g/cm 1.3
2
obtain which we From
p
C 20 @
C 20 @
3
= o
=
=
=

The results are in qualitative


agreement clearly the
experimental conditions are not
infinite plates with constant
temperature at the back!
2.07mm ) (
1.10mm ) (
9.64mm ) (
hole2
hole1
plate
=
=
=
l
l
l
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
IR Camera calibration setup
Need to obtain the relation between the
camera ADC and the object temperature
An isothermal box was designed and built
An inner 1.5cm thick Al box surrounded by 15cm of
isulation material, with one port for the camera (with
shutter) and two ports for heating/cooling (with plugs).
Blackbody suspended in the box, in the camera field of
view. Under construction. Special paint ordered.
T probes on the box inner face and on the blackbody.
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
IR Camera calibration setup (continued)
Views of the isothermal box
20 June 2000 A. Reichold, M. Lefebvre
Prospects
Very promising.
Next steps...
try with other materials (eg ATLAS ID carbon fibre)
improve experimental setup
redesign the light array (more power?)
build proper support for light array, glass, object
control interference from ambient conditions (cooling?)
allow for higher frequencies
finite difference analysis?
Continue C++ analysis code development (within ROOT?)
fully commission the isothermal box for IR camera calibration

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