SKELETAL SYSTEM

Functions of the Skeletal System

Bones are made of OSSEOUS TISSUE




Support and Protection
Body movement
Blood cell formation (bone marrow) - hemopoiesis
Storage of inorganic materials
(salt, calcium, potassium.)
ORGANIZATION
About 206
bones
2 Main
Divisions
Axial &
Appendicular

Axial Skeleton

Head, neck, trunk
Skull
Hyoid Bone
Vertebral Column
Thoracic Cage (ribs, 12 pairs)
Sternum
Hyoid Bone
Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs & Bones that connect to the
oPectoral Girdle (shoulders)
oPelvic Girdle (hips)
BONE STRUCTURE - Long Bone
1.Epiphysis
2.Diaphysis
3.Articular Cartilage
4.Periosteum
Inside the Long Bone
Medullary Cavity
hollow chamber filled
with bone marrow

Red Marrow (blood)
Yellow Marrow (fat)

Endosteum
lining of the
medullary
Types of Bone Tissue
Compact (wall of the diaphysis)
Spongy (cancellous, epiphysis) - red marrow
Structure of a Long Bone
Figure 6.3a-c
* Assignment
Coloring of a Long
Bone


Review the Structure of a
Long Bone

Matching quiz at
http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/a
p/holehaap/student/olc2/chap
07matching01.html
Microscopic Structure
MATRIX - where the bone cells live

OSTEOCYTES - mature bone cells, enclosed in
tiny chambers called LACUNAE

OSTEOCYTES form rings (LAMELLAE) around a
HAVERSIAN CANAL which houses blood vessels

Osteocytes are linked by CANALICULI

Haversian Canals are linked by VOLKMAN's
CANALS

Compact Bone
BONE
COLORING!
Test Yourself
Find the...

Haversian Canal
Volkman's Canal

Lamellae

Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
BONE DEVELOPMENT & GROWTH
1.Intramembranous bones flat, skull
2. Endochondral bones all other


ALL BONES START AS HYALINE
CARTILAGE, areas graduallly turn to bone

PRIMARY OSSIFICATION CENTER (shaft)

SECONDARY OSSIFICATION CENTER
(ends)

Bone Development & Growth
EPIPHYSEAL
DISK (growth plate) is a
band of cartilage
between the epiphysis
and diaphysis

These areas increase
bone length as the cells
ossify

Cartilage becomes
OSTEOBLASTS become
OSTEOCYTES
RESORPTION
OSTEOCLASTS - dissolve bone tissue to
release minerals, process is called
RESORPTION
Bone Growth
Bone Growth
* Assignment - Coloring of the Aging Hand
Types of Joints (articulations)
1.Synarthrotic (not
moveable, aka sutures)
2.Amphiarthrotic
(slightly moveable,
vertebrae)
3.Diarthrotic (moveable
joint, aka synovial
joints)
Synovial fluid - fluid
within the joints that
helps to lubricate

Types of Joints

1. Ball and Socket
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Saddle
BONES OF THE SKULL

1. Frontal -
2. Parietal -
3. Occipital -
4. Temporal -
5. Sphenoid -
6. Maxilla -
7. Mandible -
8. Zygomatic -
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE SKULL
Foramen - refers to any tiny opening, nerves
and blood vessels leave this opening to
supply the face


Mental Foramen
Suture - refers to any connection between large
bones (in fetal skulls, these are called fontanels)

Fissure - any wide gap between bones
Sutures
1. Coronal - between frontal and parietal
bones
2. Lambdoidal - between occipital and
parietal bones
3. Squamosal - between temporal and
parietal bones
4. Sagittal - between parietal bones
Bones of the Skull & Sutures
Foramen Magnum
* Assignment: Skull Labeling
Figure 6.10
Figure 6.10
The Rest of the Bones
Vertebrae

Neck = cervical


Middle Back = thoracic




Lower Back = lumbar
Thoracic Cage
Pectoral Girdle
Bones of the Arm
Ulna goes to
pinky (P-U)

Radius goes to
thumb
Wrist Bones
For test

Carpels

Metacarpals

Phalanges

*extra credit
opportunity
Name the carpals for extra credit
on test.
Pelvic Girdle
Bones of the Leg
Bones of the Ankle
Assignment
Skeleton Labeling
For Test

Calcaneous

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges
Broken Bones
Upcoming Assignments
The Skeleton Mystery - read about a crime
scene and reconstruct skeletons to identify
the remains
Watch a Bones Episode
Identify Bones on a real skeleton Lab
Practical Test
Medical Imaging learn how doctors view
bones and diagnose problems
TEST INFORMATION
Test will cover everything in your notes and on the
slides presented in class
Visit biologycorner.com for study aids
A second test will occur that covers the lab portion
Abnormal Bone Conditions
BONE SPURS: abnormal growth. Can occur on any bone
(e.g. heel).
OSTEOPOROSIS: Increased activity of osteoclasts cause
a break down bone, and the subsequent fewer minerals in
the extracellular matrix make it fragile. The spongy bone
especially becomes more porous.
Men get it as well as women. Whats the best way to
prevent osteoporosis? Exercise! What does exercise do?
Makes bones bigger.
The most common bone used for a bone graft is the iliac
bone of the hip.
Osteoporosis
Figure 6.15
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease
which causes joint stiffness and bone deformity
Source: http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/article3233439.ece
ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE
ABNORMALITIES OF THE SPINE
SCOLIOSIS is a lateral curve in the spine
KYPHOSIS is a hunchback curve
LORDOSIS is a swayback in the lower region.
ANKYLOSIS is severe arthritis in the spine and
the vertebrae fuse.
SCOLIOSIS
LORDOSIS
ANKYLOSIS
FUN FACTS ABOUT BONESBone is made of the
same type of minerals as limestone.
Babies are born with 300 bones, but by adulthood
we have only 206 in our bodies.
The giraffe has the same number of bones in its
neck as a human: seven in total.
The long horned ram can take a head butt at 25
mph. The human skull will fracture at 5mph.