Panel 1 : ASEAN Interconnection

Briefing on ASEAN Power Grid

Interconnectivity and Cross Border Trade
by
Dr. Suthep Chimklai
Assistant Governor-Planning
March 14, 2013
Royal Orchid Sheraton Hotel & Towers
ASEAN Countries
Association of South East Asia Nations
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Vietnam





2
ASEAN Background
Aug 1967 : 5 Ministers of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand) signed the Bangkok Declaration with
the purposes of political, economic and social cooperation.
6
th
Jan 1984
Jul 1995
Jul 1997
Dec 1997
:
:
:
:
Brunei Darussalam became the member
7
th
Vietnam became the member
8
th
& 9
th
Lao PDR & Myanmar became the members
2
nd
The ASEAN Informal Summit in Kuala Lumpur announced the
ASEAN Vision 2020 (equitable economic development, and reduced
poverty and socio-economic disparities)
10
th
Apr 1999
Dec 2003
:
:
Cambodia became the member
Declaration of ASEAN Concord II in Bali to establish the
ASEAN Community by 2020
12
th
Jan 2007 : The ASEAN Summit in Cebu accelerated the
establishment of the ASEAN Community to 2015
3
ASEAN Highlights
1/
Country Profile 2010
Average
7 1
(9) (8) (1) (7) (5) (6) (10) (3)
(2) (9) (5) (8) (3) (10) (6) (1) (4) (7)
4
Notes : 1/ASEAN Statistics Leaflet: Selected Key Indicators 2011
2/ Parenthesis () in each item means ranking
3/ Installed Capacity Only, N/A for Power Demand

Key
Indicators
2/


Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

Total/

Population
(Million)
Area
(km
2
)
GDP Per
Capita
(USD)
Power
Demand
(MW)

0.42 15.3 234.1 6.2 28.9 60.1 94.0 5.1 67.3 86.9
(10) (7) (1) (8) (6) (5) (2) (9) (4) (3)

598.3
(Total)
4,435,670
(Total)
3,092.5
(Average)
-

5,765 181,035 1,860,360 236,800 330,252
676,57
300,000 710 513,120
331,05

(2) (4)

28,830 731 3,023 1,045 8,262 592 2,014 43,929 4,735 1,238

810.1
3/
409 24,917 476 15,960 1,350 10,231 6,494 24,010 15,560
3 Pillars of ASEAN Community
5
YANMAR

UNEI
Oil
ASEAN Potential Natural Resources (1)
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Hydro
M
Hydro
LAOS
Hydro
PHILIPPINES
Hydro
Coal
Wood
THAILAND Oil
Wood
CAMBODIA
VIETNAM
Hydro
Oil
Gas
BR
SARAWAK
Wood
P. MALAYSIA
Hydro
Wood
KALIMANTAN SINGAPORE
Coal
Coal
Oil
SUMATRA
Gas
Hydro
INDONESIA
6
ASEAN Potential Natural Resources (2)
7
ASEAN Energy Cooperation
AMEM: ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting (once a year)
SOME: Senior Officials Meeting on Energy (once a year)
ACE: ASEAN Centre for Energy (accelerate the integration of energy
strategies within ASEAN by providing information, technology and expertise)
AFOC: ASEAN Forum on Coal
EE&C-SSN: Energy Efficiency and Conservation Subsector Network
NRSE-SSN: New and Renewable Sources of Energy Subsector Network
ASCOPE: ASEAN Council on Petroleum
HAPUA: Heads of ASEAN Power Utilities/Authorities
AERN: ASEAN Energy Regulatory Network
8
HAPUA & AIMS Background
Dec 1997 : Heads of ASEAN governments committed to jointly develop ASEAN
Power Grid (APG) and Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline as a part of the
ASEAN Vision 2020 [The 2
nd
ASEAN Informal Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia]
Jul 1999 : HAPUA was assigned to materialized APG through ASEAN
Interconnection Master Plan Study (AIMS) [The 17
th
AMEM in Bangkok,
Thailand]
AIMS Working Group was established [The
Apr 2000 : 16
th
Meeting of HAPUA in
Chiang Rai, Thailand]
AIMS Final Report was endorsed [The 21
st
AMEM in Langkawi, Malaysia]
HAPUA Structure was re-organized
TOR and Work Plan of AIMS-II was adopted and the study started
[The 1
st
Meeting of Power Interconnection Sub Working Group (PI SWG) in Krabi,
Thailand]
AIMS-II Final Report was endorsed [The
Jul 2003
May 2004
Feb 2006
:
:
:
Jul 2011 : 27
th
Meeting of HAPUA in Danang,
Vietnam]
HAPUA Structure was re-organized
Jun 2012 :
9
HAPUA Members
Department of Electrical Services
Brunei Darussalam
Electricit du Cambodge
Kingdom of Cambodia
PT. PLN (Persero)
Republic of Indonesia
Electricit du Laos
Lao PDR
Tenaga Nasional Berhad
Malaysia
Department of Electric Power of Myanmar
Union of Myanmar
National Power Corporation
Republic of the Philippines
Singapore Power LTD
Republic of Singapore
Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand
Kingdom of Thailand
Electricity of Vietnam
Socialist Republic of Viet Nam
10
MOU of HAPUA and APG
MOU of HAPUA MOU of APG
Signed on 04 May 2004 Signed on 23 August 2007
11
Objectives of ASEAN Power Grid (APG)
Not only technical and economic
aspects,
but also cooperation and good relationship among the member
countries
To create APG through interconnections among all ASEAN countries
To promote more efficient, economic, and secure operation of power systems
through harmonious development of national electricity networks in ASEAN by
region-wide interconnections
To optimize the use of energy resources in the region by sharing the benefits
To
To
To
To
reduce capital required for generation capacity
share experiences among member countries
provide close power cooperation in the region
identify barriers to the implementation of APG
expansion
12
HAPUA Structure
Reporting Line
Consultation Line
Consultative Committee
Approved by the 27
th
Meeting of HAPUA Council in Vietnam on 23 June 2011
13
Working Group #1
Generation
Chair : Indonesia
Vice Chair : Lao PDR
Working Group #2
Transmission
Chair : Thailand
Vice Chair : Vietnam
Working Group #3
Distribution &
Power Reliability
and Quality
Chair : Singapore
Vice Chair : Myanmar
Working Group #4
Policy &
Commercial
Development
Chair : Philippines
Vice Chair : Cambodia
Working Group #5
Human Resource
Chair : Malaysia
Vice Chair : Brunei
ASEAN Power Grid
(APGCC)
HAPUA
Council

HAPUA Working Committee
(Country Coordinator)
HAPUA
Secretariat

SOME
ASEAN
Secretariat

AMEM
HAPUA Meetings
Meetings of HAPUA Council
are convened once a year.
28
th

29
th

The
The
Meeting of HAPUA Council was in Brunei on 6 June 2012.
Meeting of HAPUA Council will be in Cambodia in May 2013.
Meetings of HAPUA Working Committee (HWC)
are convened twice a year.
16
th

17
th

The
The
Meeting of HWC was held in Brunei on 16-17 January 2013.
Meeting of HWC will be in Cambodia on in May 2013.
Meetings of ASEAN Power Grid Consultative Committee (APGCC)
are convened twice a year.
10
th

11
th

The
The
Meeting of HWC was held in Brunei on 15 January 2013.
Meeting of HWC will be in Cambodia on in May 2013.
Meetings of HAPUA Working Groups (HWGs)
are convened on their individual agreement basis.
14
APGCC Further Actions (1)
As of January 2013
1. APGCC Members discussed and accepted the proposed TORs
submitted by:
Country Energy Development by Utilizing the Available Energy
Indigenous Resources in The Region: HWG-1
Regulation on Taxation and Tariff System for Cross Border
Power Transaction : HWG-4,
Regulation on Private Participation in APG Project : HWG-4,


2. To conduct the above studies by utilizing the HAPUA/ASEAN
Resources or looking for
Energy Dialog Parties.
other resources/cooperation with ASEAN
15
APGCC Further Actions (2)
As of January 2013
3. To continue communicate and obtain related information from
International Energy Agency and EU for possible TA or Joint
Study/Exchange Experience on the following areas:
ACE,
a.
b.
Cross-border electricity trade, transit and harmonization issues
Benchmarking and Modeling of common cross-border
electricity trade
Development of a framework for ASEAN electricity industry :
harmonization of cross-border
commercial/financial/regulatory/legal frameworks and technical
standards including Taxation, and Tariff System in support of
the cross-border electricity trade.
c.
4. APGCC Members discussed and proposed Future Activities Matrix
(extracted from ASEAN Score Card) to be reviewed by related HWG
and submit the comment by end of January 2013.
16
Matrix of APGCC Action Plan (1)
17

ACTI ON PLANS

RELATED HW G

Periode
Phy sical Dev elopment of interconnection projects

WG-2: Transmission
Work on the full functioning and operationalization of the
APG Consultativ e Committee (APGCC) towards the
realization of the interconnection projects
Conduct studies to address barriers to interconnection,
cross-border trade and inv estment by the 8 HAPUA WGs,
such as, but not limited to the following:
i. Harmonization of technical standard codes or guidelines
for APG in the areas of planning, design, sy stem operation
and maintenance.

WG-2: Transmission.

2013
ii. Harmonization of legal and regulatory framework for
bilateral and cross border power interconnection and trade
and formulation of institutional and contractual arrangements
for cross border trade to include tax ation, tariff and Third
Party Access (Wheeling Charge)

W G-4: Policy St udy and
Commercial Development

2013 -2014
iii. Identification and recommendation of Financing Modalities
for realizing the APG
W G-4: Policy St udy and
Commercial Development
Actual activ ites of harmonization

TA: propose t o ASEC
Rev iew and update the AIMS by incorporating new
elements of AMSs long-term power demand forecast,
optimization of regional long-term power dev elopment plan
(with interconnection scheme), identification of feasible
interconnection project and to implemen

W G-2: Transmission

Done
Matrix of APGCC Action Plan (2)
18

S
TRATEGY

ACTI ON
PLANS

RELATED HW G

Periode
Optimize the generation sector
vis--
vis the available indigenous
energy
resources in the region
Conduct further optimization studies on the most
economic
operation and possible reserve sharing scheme
within the
region

WG-2: Transmission

201
3
Promote the optimal development of generation
resources
within the ASEAN region in line with the ASEAN
Fuel Policy
for power generation to be formulated by REPP-
SSN

WG1: Generation & RE

2013 -2014

APGCC

2013 - 2015
Encourage and optimize the
utilization
of ASEAN resources, such as,
funding, expertise and
products to
develop the generation,
transmission,
and distribution sectors
Conduct study and identify areas where ASEAN
resources
can be fully utilized to benefit the ASEAN region

WG-1: Generation & RE
WG-5: Human Resouces

2013-2014
Implement the AIMS recommendation and
pursue the
appropriate options for AMSs

WG Transmission

201
5
Encourage the private sector to jointly
develop power
projects within ASEAN region,
notwithstanding the
importance of the interconnection projects

WG-4:Policy Study and
Commercial Development

2014 -2015
HAPUA Working Group No.2
APG/Transmission
Thailand is the Chairman of HAPUA Working Group
ASEAN Power Grid (APG)/Transmission (HWG2).
No. 2
The Latest Master Piece of HWG2:
ASEAN Interconnection Master Plan Study 2 (AIMS-II)
Current Task of HWG2:
EGAT is working with Asian Development Bank (ADB) and
HAPUA to
conduct a study on Harmonization of Common Technical Standard
Codes and Guidelines in the Areas of Planning and Design, System
Operation and Maintenance for the ASEAN Power Grid in order to
support APG.
19
Summary of AIMS-II Results
Study period was from 2009 to 2025
16 cross-border projects were selected
5 cross-border projects are
(Project 1, 2, 9, 12, and 14)
partially existing
4 cross-border projects are
(Project 6, 8, 10, and 13)
under construction
7 cross-border projects are future projects
(Project 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 15, and 16)
20
P.Malaysia - Sumatra 2017
SarPhilippiawak - West Kalimantan 2015
ASEAN Interconnection Projects
(Updated on 17 January 2013)
Earliest COD
2018
1)
2)
P.Malaysia - Singapore (New)
Thailand - P.Malaysia




Sadao - Bukit Keteri
Khlong Ngae - Gurun
Su Ngai Kolok - Rantau Panjang
Khlong Ngae Gurun (2
nd
Phase, 300MW)
Existing
Existing
2015
2016
2015-2021
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
YUNNAN
OF CHINA
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Sarawak - P. Malaysia
LAO PDR
9
11
Batam - Singapore 2015-2017
10
Philippines - Sabah
Sarawak - Sabah Brunei
2020 13
CAMBODIA
14



Sarawak Sabah
Sabah Brunei
Sarawak Brunei
2020
Not Selected
2012, 2016
12
7
8
SABAH
15
BRUNEI
9) Thailand - Lao PDR
2







Roi Et 2 - Nam Theun 2
Sakon Nakhon 2 Thakhek Then Hinboun (Exp.)
Mae Moh 3 - Nan - Hong Sa
Udon Thani 3- Nabong (converted to 500KV)
Ubon Ratchathani 3 Pakse Xe Pian Xe Namnoy
Khon Kaen 4 Loei 2 Xayaburi
Thailand Lao PDR (New)
Existing
Existing
2015
2018
2018
2019
2015-2023
2011-2016
2016-2025
2017
2016
2015-2020
2020
2020
21
SARAWAK P. MALAYSIA
3
6
4
5
1
BATAM
16 SINGAPORE
INDONESIA
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
Lao PDR - Vietnam
Thailand - Myanmar
Vietnam - Cambodia (New)
Lao PDR - Cambodia
Thailand - Cambodia (New)
East Sabah - East Kalimantan
Singapore Sumatra
Priority Projects
Priority Projects to Support AEC
1. Project No.4 Peninsular Malaysia Sumatra Interconnection
(IMT-GT: Indonesia)
-
-
-
PLN and TNB signed the PPA in October 2012
Capacity of 600 MW
COD is expected to be in 2018
2. Project No.6 West Kalimantan
(BIMT-EAGA: Indonesia)
Sarawak Interconnection
- COD is expected to be in 2014
22
Updates on APG Status: Existing Projects
(as of 17 January 2013)
23
Updates on APG Status: On-Going Projects
(as of 17 January 2013)
24
Updates on APG Status: Future Projects
(as of 17 January 2013)
25
The HWG2 Harmonization Study
The Harmonization Study shall set standards in planning, design, and
system operation and maintenance for ASEAN member countries.
Objectives:
To analyze technical standards of power transmission systems of the 10
ASEAN Member States
To recommend common technical standards or guidelines for
harmonization in areas of planning and design, system operation and
maintenance for ASEAN member countries
To prepare an implementation plan for harmonization for each Member
State to realize the benefits of APG
Background:
MOU between ASEAN & ADB was signed in April 2012 in Phnom Penh,
Cambodia.
The Harmonization Study on Technical Codes for APG was identified and
9
th
confirmed by the Meeting of APGCC.
TOR of the study was approved by HWG2.
ADB financed the study with a budget allocation of US$ 225,000
Two National Experts were nominated from each Member State to work
with the International Consultant in the study
26
Work Plan of the HWG2 Harmonization Study
The Inception Meeting of the Harmonization Study was arranged
in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 21 February 2013.
Work Plan of the Harmonization Study :
(Back-to-Back with Annual HWG2 Meeting)
Council #29 in Phnom Penh, Cambodia
27

Activity

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

W3

W4

W1

W2

W3

W4

W1

W2

W3

W4

W1

W2

W3

W4

W5

W1

W2

W3

W4

W1

W2

W3

W4

1 Inception Meeting in Jakarta, Indonesia

2 Data Collection

3 Consultant to undertake the study

4 Second Workshop in Phuket, Thailand

-9

5
Final Workshop in Vietnam

6 Finalization of the Study
*
Meeting: APGCC #11, HWC#17, HAPUA
Potential Power Projects
(214 MW)
(75 MW)
28
Stung Metuek
(600 MW)
Don
Dawei

(390 MW)

(660 MW)

(440 MW)
Pak beng

(1,473 MW)
Mai Khot
(369 MW)
Mong Ton
(7,000 MW)
Hongsa
(912 MW)
Lignite
Nam Ngum 3
Xyaburi (1,220 MW) Nam Ngiep 1
(269 MW)
Sanakham
Nam Ngum 2

(615 MW)
Nam Theun 1

Theun Hinboun
Hutgyi (1,190 MW) (531 MW) Theun Hinboun Expansion
(220 MW)

Nam Theun 2
(948 MW)

Houay Ho
(126 MW)
Xe Pian Xe Namnoy
(3,600 MW)
Sahong
(240 MW)
Taninthayi
Xe Kong 4
(300 MW)
Xe Kong 5
(330 MW)
Nam Kong 1

(120 MW)
Koh Kong
(1,800-3,600 MW)
MOUs between
Thailand and Neighboring Countries
the Prime Ministry
the Prime Ministry
the Prime Ministry
Remark: MOU between Thailand Laos of the first signed on 4 June, 1993 Capacity of 1,500 MW
29
Capacity
(MW)

Signed Dated

Endorser

Thailand - Laos

7,000

22 December 2007

Ministry of Energy

Thailand Myanmar

1,500

4 July 1997

Ministry of Office of

Thailand China

3,000

12 November 1998

Ministry of Office of

Thailand - Cambodia

N.A.

3 February 2000

Ministry of Office of
Power Purchase Projects from Lao PDR
List of Projects SCOD
1.1 Theun-Hinboun
1.2 Houay Ho
1.3 Nam Thuan 2
1.4 Nam Ngum 2
1.5 Theun-Hinboun (Expansion)
214
126
948
597
220
Mar. 1998
Sep. 1999
Apr. 2010
Mar. 2011
Dec. 2012
2,105 MW
2.1 Hong Sa
2.2 Xayaburi
1,473
1,220
Jun., Nov. 2015 - Mar. 2016
Oct. 2019
2,693 MW
3.2 Xe-Pian Xe-Namnoy
3.3 Nam Ngiap 1
390
269
Aug. 2018
Jan. 2018
659 MW
From 2020-2030: Maximum share
should not exceed 15 %
of the power import over the systems generating capacity
30

Total 5 ,457
3. Tariff MOU Signed and Under PPA Preparation
2. PPA Signed Projects and Under Construction
Capacity
(MW)
1. Completed Projects
Power Purchase Projects from Myanmar
Power Development Potential Projects
1.1 Hutgyi
1.2 Dawei (Import Coal) Phase 1
1.3 Mai Khot (Lignite)
1.4 Mong Ton
1.5 Tanintayi
1.6 Yawathit
1,190
1,800
369
7,000
600
600
11,559
MW
2.1 Upper Salween River
2.2 Lower Salween River
Project
Project
4,000
500
4,500
MW
Remark: Every projects are hydroelectric projects except Mai Khot and Dawei Projects.
31
Total (1+2) 16,059
2. Projects on Salween River
Capacity
(MW)
1. Potential Projects
Power Purchase Projects from Cambodia
Power Development Potential Projects
1.
2.
Stung Meteuk (Hydro) 94
1,800
Koh Kong (Import Coal)
32

Total 1,894

Capacity
(MW)
Power Purchase Projects from China
Power Development Potential Projects
1. Yunan(Hydro) 3,000
33

Total 3,000

Capacity
(MW)
Power Purchase Projects from Malaysia
Existing Power Purchase Projects
1.
2.
Sadao Chuping
Klong Ngae Garun (HVDC)
85
300
1982
2001
Projects under Negotiation
1. Sungai Kolok Rantau Panjang 100
34

Total 100

Capacity
(MW)

Total 385

Capacity
(MW)
Barriers to the Realization of APG
Unequal Readiness
Physical: existing infrastructures and
different characteristics of transmission systems
Economic
35
Impacts of APG (1)
Nowadays after the analysis of power purchase from neighboring
is firstly being implemented under
countries, the
Bilateral PPA.
all power trading
Development of transmission system interconnection between
such as
plants to
Thailand and neighboring countries requires a Driver,
Demand and Supply. Each country has to develop power
supply enough power to its own demand. When a country has
higher economic growth, the demand will be higher than supply;
this will drive more transmission
neighboring countries.
system interconnection among the
36
Impacts of APG (2)
Countries with high demand may compete in power purchase, such
as Thailand, China, Vietnam, Malaysia but though the transmission
network of Thailand. Thailand is located in the position to be a
leader in the market.
Interconnection requires the system development in networking
and sharing the same standard; neighboring countries of Thailand
needs more time and investment. Thailand has the opportunity to
invest in transmission system and related electricity infrastructure.
Interconnection using HVAC may cause a problem; therefore, it
needs to change to HVDC.
There is a need to invest in generation, which requires a lot of
budget.
37
Impacts of APG (3)
Encourage countries which have their transmission system ready to
cooperate with other countries in transmission system to share the
same standard.
After the AEC, it is expected that there will be increasing in
to
economic growth; therefore, the power supply must be adequate
cope with high demand.
38
End
-
of Presentation
Thank You -
www.egat.co.th
39
Present Status of EGAT System
and
Thailands PDP 2010 Revision 3
40
Monthly EGAT Peak Demand
MW
27,000
25,000
7.1%
2.1%
-0.5%
-2.4% 2.7%
23,000 -0.6%
1.3%
2012
1.5%
21,000
2009
19,000
17,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
% = Increasing Rate (Month over Month)
41
4.5%
3.9% 2.5%
26,121.1 MW
12.0% Th. 26 Apr 2012 14.30
Increased from 2011 = 9.3 %
23,900.2 MW

5.5% 17.7%
6.1%
Tu. 24 May 2012 14.00 .
3.0%
5.3%
9.4%
6.1%
14.1%

2010
2011
-0.9%
1.5%
-6.0%
Monthly EGAT Energy Generation
GWh
16,000
15,000
14,000
13,000
2555
0.2%
-3.5%
%
-0.5%
12,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
% = Increasing Rate (Month over Month)
42
5.9%
12.4%

7.6%
5.1% 13.1%

4.6%
3.5%
19.1%
10.1%
1.4%
5.4%
2.8%

-1.4% 0.02%
16.5%
10.5%
3.3%

2010
2011


-4.3%
-1.7%
-4.0%
-4.1
2009
Total Energy Generation by Fuel Types
As of December 2012 (preliminary)
Energy Generation 173,250 Total GWh
Renewable Energy 13%
Domestic 7%
5%
Hydro
Biomass, Others 2%
Lao PDR 6%
6%
Hydro
Natural Gas
67 %
Import Coal
9%
P.Malaysia
0.1%
Diesel 0.1%
43
Total Energy Consumption by Sectors
As of December 2012 (preliminary)
Consumption 161,778 Total Energy GWh
Industrial
45%
Business
17%
Others 5%
Residential
23%
44
PDP 2010 Revision 3
Unit: MW
32,395
55,130
-16,839
70,686
Total Capacity as of December 2011
Total Added Capacity
Total Retired Capacity
Grand Total Capacity at the End of 2030
Coal-fired Power Plant
Gas-fired Power Plant
Nuclear Power Plant
(Clean coal Technology 4,400
25,451
2,000
750
6,374
9,481
6,572
( 6 Units)
(29 Units)
( 2 Units)
( 3 Units
/ 102
Gas Turbine Power Plant
Cogeneration (SPP / VSPP)
Renewable Energy (SPP, VSPP, EGAT)
Power Purchase from Neighboring Countries
45

Numbers of Added Power Plants During 2012 - 2030

Capacity During 2012 - 2030 PDP2010 Rev3
Generation Mix as in PDP 2010 Revision 3
GWh
360,000
Renewables
320,000
EGAT-TNB
Natural Gas
280,000
Nuclear
240,000
200,000
Natural
Gas
160,000
120,000
80,000
Import
Coal
40,000
Lignite
Nuclear
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
46

18%
Diesel

18%
Renewables

18%
Fuel Oil

18%
18%
18%

58%

18%

56%
Import Coal

18%

55%
Lignite

18%

57%

18%

59%

18%

60%

16%

60%

15%

59%

14%

59%

14%

60%

59%

14%

61%

14%

62%

63%

15%

64%

15%

67%

68%

66%

65%

13%

13%

12%
12%
12%
12%

12%

12%
12% 11%

11%
11% 10%

10% 9%
9%
9%

8% 8%

7%
9% 9% 9%
9%
2%

13%

13%

12%

12%

12%

11%

11%

10%

10%

10%
11%
9% 9% 9% 5% 5% 5%
4%