Estructuras Sedimentarias 2010 - I - C

Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.
com
Flute casts in fluvial
sandstone, Mabou Group,
Lismore NS. Flutes are scoop
shaped depressions produced
by erosion as a rapid current
flows over a cohesive muddy
surface.

Flute casts (more accurately
flute molds) are bulbous
structures produced when the
current fills the flute with
sand.
Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.com
Flute casts on base of turbidite bed. Flutes have a bulbous up-current end, and
fade down-current. Current flowed toward the bottom right, parallel to the pencil.
Grooves: tool marks produced by dragged objects. These are casts (more
accurately molds) of grooves, preserved as ridges on the base of a thick
sandstone bed, Goldenville Fm., Liscomb Island, Eastern Shore, NS
Gutter casts: are formed by entrained particles dragging along the base of a bed and
leaving a track in their wake. These gutters were formed by wood fragments draggeing
along the base of a river bed. Chengde Formation, Jurassic, Hebei province, China.
Dessication cracks. Mudcracks can become very large, which may
make them difficult to recognize in small outcrops. Person for scale.
Jixian Formation, Proterozoic, China.
Dessication cracks. A
modern example. These
are up to 1 m deep, and
form polygonal networks
that are often difficult to
see except from the air!
Panamint Valley, California.
Large sand-filled mudcracks below sandstone bed in Mabou Group at
Knoydart, Nova Scotia. Notice that there is a boundary between oxidized
(red) mud and reduced (green) mud that rises and falls around the
mudcracks, suggesting that the cracks allowed oxygen into the sediment.
Mudcracks in laminated limestone, St. George Group, Newfoundland. These
laminated dolomitic limestones must have been exposed in the supratidal or
upper intertidal zone.
Gypsum casts. Evaporation may lead to the production of evaporite minerals. In
this case the 'swallow-tail' outline of twinned gypsum crystals is clearly
recognizable from these casts in limestone. Carboniferous Windsor Group,
Pomquet, Nova Scotia.
Chickenwire structure. More extensive evaporite deposition, ocurring within
sediments, may produce chickenwire structure, due to the coalescing of
evaporite nodules. Pomquet, Nova Scotia.
Linguloid Ripples. These mud-draped ripples are linguloid in form,
indicating shallow, rapid flow within the ripple stability field.
Permian, Inner Mongolia, China.
Debris flow deposit. This type of non-erosive, unstructured
and unsorted bed is typical of cohesive debris flow deposits.
Coffin Canyon Fan, Death Valley, California.
Debris flow deposit. Oversized clasts "floating" in a mud-rich matrix are
also typical of such flows. Coffin Canyon Fan, Death Valley, California.
Slump Deposit. Chaotic deposits such as these indicate slope failure.
Cretaceous, Hebei province, China.
Linguoid current ripples, Kennetcook River
Straight-crested current ripples, Cambrian sandstone, Moraine Lake, Alberta
Cross-lamination produced by current ripples, Quaternary fluvioglacial
sands, Lothian, Scotland. The cross-lamination here includes both 'normal'
(non-climbing) cross-sets and climbing-ripple cross-lamination.
Lunate (crescent-shaped) dunes in sand and gravel, Kennetcook River.
Straight-crested dunes, also know as sand waves.
Kennetcook River estuary, Nova Scotia
Tough cross-bed, characteristic of deposition in lunate dunes.
Wolfville Formation (Triassic), Nova Scotia
Tabular cross-beds, Goldenville Formation, Guysboro County NS.
Tabular cross-bedding produced by eolian dunes,
Wolfville Formation, Red Head NS
Antidunes beneath fast-flowing stream, Kennetcook River. Flow is from left
to right, but antidunes were visibly migrating slowly from right to left.
Stromatolites, Table Head
Group, W. Newfoundland
Stromatolites with silica replacement (pale), Durness Group, W. Scotland
Thrombolites, Ordovician St. George Group, W. Newfoundland
Patch reef in Ordovician Lourdes Limestone, Port au Port Peninsula,
West Newfoundland
b) ESTRUCTURAS SIN-SEDIMENTARIAS

Tienen origen hidrodinmico.

Relacionadas a :
-Granulometra del sedimento.
-Intensidad y direccin de la corriente.
-Profundidad, etc.
ESTRUCTURAS SIN-SEDIMENTARIAS PRINCIPALES

Laminaciones
Ripples
Estratificacin oblcua, plana
Estratificacin oblcua, cruzada
Estratificacin flaser y lenticular
Estructuras de oleaje
Megaestratificacin
Imbricacin de cantos
Secuencia de Bouma (horizonte granodecreciente)
c) ESTRUCTURAS POST-DEPSITO

Son principalmente estructuras formadas en un
sedimento blando, no consolidado.

Debidas a la gravedad:
Movimientos verticales (reorganizacin)
-Load cast
-Convolute laminacin

Movimientos laterales
-Avalancha, deslizamiento, slumping
(deslizamiento con plegamiento de las capas blandas),
microfallas, perforaciones de socavadores,
bioturbaciones, litfagos
IMPORTANCIA DE LAS ESTRUCTURAS SEDIMENTARIAS

Permiten evaluar las caractersticas del medio de depositacin.

Ayudan a establecer la posicin del techo y base de los
estratos, en secuencias que han sufrido tectonismo; asimismo
la direccin y sentido de las corrientes que depositaron esos
sedimentos y por consecuencia la paleopendiente.

Permiten interpretar los cambios fsicos y qumicos que
ocurrieron luego de la sedimentacin.
A travs de las estructuras, podemos analizar que condiciones
de flujo existieron, cuando se depositaron los sedimentos que
componen una secuencia; as nos dan datos sobre la energa
del medio.

Si predominan los sedimentos finos, se estima que esta
energa era dbil o lo que es lo mismo, la velocidad del agente
de transporte era baja y probablemente la estratificacin
corresponde a la laminacin paralela.

El aumento gradual de energa permite la formacin de
ondulitas, megandulas hasta dunas respectivamente y cada
una de ellas con desarrollo de crestas rectas a sinuosas
paralelamente.
Cuando migran estas estructuras, generan las estratificaciones
entrecruzadas (EE).

Si las ondulitas megandulas son de crestas rectas
generaran las EE planares y tangenciales, mientras que las
megandulas y dunas de crestas sinuosas dan las EE en
artesas.

Cuando la energa es alta, el agente se torna ms competente,
hay mucho material de diversos tamaos en suspensin por lo
que se generan estructuras como la antidunas o la
estratificacin horizontal de alta energa.
Las estructuras tambin permiten saber si el agente era fluido,
es decir si llevaba poco material en suspensin, si era
viscoso, es decir si llevaba mucho material.

Por ejemplo, las capas masivas y mal seleccionadas indican
agentes viscosos.

Se puede aproximar si el ambiente de formacin corresponde a
aguas poco profundas, ya que en estos casos se pueden dar
condiciones de alta energa, que producen estructuras
entrecruzadas en artesas o tangenciales, turboglifos,
laminacin climbing, etc; en contraposicin a los ambientes
ms profundos donde comnmente la energa es menor,
desarrollndose EE planares o tangenciales, laminaciones
horizontales o se dan capas masivas.

La existencia de intercalaciones, de capas de mayor
granulometra en este ltimo caso, son interpretadas como
resultado de corrientes de turbidez; producidas por tormentas
por ejemplo.
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo101/sedstr.htm
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/historical_lab/stratigraphy.php
www.redes-cepalcala.org/ciencias1/geologia/is...
Disconformidad erosiva
Diamictitas con cantos y bloques (a muro)
intercaladas en las areniscas limosas laminadas
Burrows y microfallas normales en las lutitas
laminadas
Detalle de los burrows de las lutitas laminadas
Basaltos basales pulidos y estriados por la accin
glaciar. La escala representa 10 cm
FINAL 1ra PARTE

Estructuras Sedimentarias 2010 - I - C

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Carlos Rojas Len carleouni@gmail.

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