Professional Documents
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JO Y A N N E C . N IC O D E M U S , M D
Principles of Vaccination
Immunity
Ability of the human body to tolerate the
presence of material indigenous to the
body (self), and to eliminate foreign
(nonself) material
Protection from infectious disease
Passive Immunity
Protection by products produced by an
animal or human and transferred to
another human, usually by injection
This protection wanes with time, usually
within a few weeks or months
Passive immunity vs. active immunity
Active Immunity
Protectionthat is produced by the
person’s own immune system
Usually permanent
Passive immunity
Transfer of antibody produced by one
human or other animal to another
Temporary protection
Factors that Influence Immune
Response to Vaccination
Presence of maternal
Route of Genetics
Presence of
adjuvants
Aluminum-
containing
materials to
improve
Classification of Vaccines
Rubella
Vaccinia
Varicella
Zoster
Yellow fever
Rotavirus
Influenza
intranasal
Oral polio
examples
Inactivated Vaccines Fractional
Whole-cell Inactivated
Inactivated Vaccines
Vaccines Subunit
Viral Hepatitis B
Polio Influenza
Hepatitis A Acellular pertussis
Rabies Human
papillomavirus
Influenza
Lyme disease
Bacterial
Pertussis
Toxoid
Diphtheria
Typhoid
Cholera Tetanus
Plague
RECOMMENDED ADULT IMMUNIZATION
SCHEDULE
RECOMMENDED ADULT IMMUNIZATION
SCHEDULE – special population
RECOMMENDED CHILDHOOD
IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
RECOMMENDED ADOLESCENT
IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE
Pre Immunization Checklist
1. Have had a vaccine 7. Have a disease or are having
containing live viruses treatment which causes
(e.g., measles, mumps, low immunity
rubella, oral polio) (radiotherapy,
2. Are unwell on day of chemotherapy, etc)
immunization 8. Live with someone who has a
3. Have had previous reaction to disease or is having
any vaccine treatment which causes
4. Have had reaction to any low immunity
vaccine components 9. Have a condition of the CNS
5. Are taking steroids of any sort which is still being
investigated
6. Have had immunoglobulin or
a blood transfusion in the 10.Live with someone who is not
last 3 months immunized
11.Are pregnant
Adult Immunization
PSMID RECOMMENDATION FOR ALL ADULTS
Influenza annually
Pneumonia every 5 years
HEALTH CARE WORKERS
CATEGORY A
DIRECT CONTACT WITH BLOOD O BODY
SUBSTANCES( health practitioners, health
care students, emergency personnel,
central supply staff responsible for
decontamination, mortuary technician,
maintenance engineers who service
equipment)
CATEGORY B
INDIRECT CONTACT WITH BLOOD OR BODY
SUBSTANCES ( exposed to infections spread
by droplet; catering staff and ward clerks)
CATEGORY C
LABORATORY STAFF
CATEGORY D
MINIMAL PATIENT CONTACT (clerical admin
staff )
HEPATITIS B
essential for all categories A-C
Post serological testing maybe done 3 months
after vaccination. Those who are still
negative should be offered another round.
PERSISTENT NON RESPONDERS should receive
HBIg within 48 hours of parenteral exposure
to Hepa B
Booster doses not needed since primary
course offers life long protection
Hepatitis A
Higher risk for
nursing staff
Those in contact with patients in
pediatric ward
Infectious disease ward
Emergency rooms