Implementation of Motion Detection

System for Video Surveillance

Presented by,
Shravan Kumar

Under the Guidance of,
Smt. Anasuya M A
Assistant Professor
Dept of CS &E, SJCE


1
Outline
Introduction
Literature Survey:
Background subtraction
Normalized Cross Correlation
Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD)
Implementation
Action on Motion Detection and Results
Conclusion
References
2
Introduction
WHAT IS VIDEO SURVEILLANCE ?
It is technology used to monitor and capture every inch and
second of the area in interest.
Motion detection from video sequence is the process of
detecting the moving objects in the video frames using digital
image processing techniques.

3
Introduction
Aim of the project
Block diagram

4
VIDEO
INPUT
MOTION
DETECTION
DECISION
MAKING
STORING
SYSTEM
INDICATION
Introduction
System architecture functioning:
Capturing live video feed through a web cam
Motion detection in captured video frames using
motion detection algorithms
Storing the frames on the memory if motion is
detected
Indicating through an alarm when the motion is
detected.
Requirements :
camera to record video.
monitor to display video .


5
Motion Detection
Goals of motion detection
Identify moving objects
Detection of unusual activity patterns
Applications of video surveillance
Indoor/outdoor security
Real time crime detection
Traffic monitoring

6
Literature Survey

Motion detection using Background subtraction
NEW APPROACH
Motion detection using Normalized Cross
Correlation

Motion detection using Sum of Absolute Difference
(SAD)


7
Background Subtraction

Uses a reference background image for
comparison purposes.
It attempts to detect moving regions by
subtracting the current image pixel by pixel
from a reference background image
The pixels, where the difference is above
threshold are classified as foreground and
below threshold are classified as background

8
Background Subtraction

Equation for background subtraction is
| It(x,y) - Bt(x,y) | > T

A simple background subtraction technique
does not work well.

It cannot handle the small motion and
changes of the background pixels

9
Correlation is basically used to find the similarity
between two frames

If the two consecutive frames are exactly same, then
the value of Normalized cross correlation is maximum

The value of Normalized cross correlation is less than
maximum when there is a motion

This concept of Normalized cross correlation is used
for the detection of moving object in an image
sequence
10

Normalized Cross Correlation


Normalized Cross Correlation

Two Consecutive frames from image sequence are
partitioned into four quadrants.

Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC) is applied to each
sub frame

This process produces four values ranging from -1 to 1

The sub frame which has minimum value of NCC
indicates the presence of moving object
11
Correlation is mainly used for measuring similarity
between two images





r is normalized with respect to both the images and it
always lies in the range [-1, 1]
12

Normalized Cross Correlation


Normalized Cross Correlation

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Partitioning of two
consecutive frames
Moving object detection
using Cross Correlation
Store the frame if motion
is detected
The block diagram
Image sequences
Algorithm
Read two consecutive frames from the image sequence

Divide these frames into four quadrants: Current frame is
divided into four parts called as x1, x2, x3 and x4. Similarly,
previous frame is divided into four parts called as y1, y2, y3
and y4.

Now find out the NCC of each sub image of current frame
with the previous frame After this there are four values of
NCC, called as c1, c2, c3 and c4

Now find out the minimum value of NCC from these four
values To this minimum value of NCC apply the threshold
14

Normalized Cross Correlation

Suppose the minimum value of NCC is obtained at the first
quadrant, it means that the moving object is present in that
quadrant

After this the second minimum value from the c1, c2, c3 and c4 is
obtained. This is performed to check whether any other moving
object is present in other part of the image.

If the second minimum value is also greater than threshold then it
means that the moving object is present in that quadrant.

Repeat the same procedure for the next frame.
15

Normalized Cross Correlation

Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD)
This algorithm is based on image differencing
techniques




i j
k k
j i I j i I SAD , ,
1
16
j i I
k
,
Current
Frame
j i I
k
,
1
Previous
Frame
Frame Differencing
The frame differencing method basically employs the
image subtraction operator

The subtraction of two images is performed
straightforwardly in a single pass. The output pixel
values are given by:

FD (i, j) = F1 (i, j) F2 (i, j)

The threshold is applied to the resulting difference
image, if the difference image is above the threshold,
indicates motion is present.
17
Frame Differencing
Below figure shows the frame differencing algorithm
18
19
Image Acquisition Process Flow Chart
Implementation
20

videoinput function is used to initialize a video object that
connects to the PC camera directly

preview function is used to display live video on the monitor

getsnapshot function is used to read images from the camera and
place them in MATLAB workspace

Motion detection algorithm is applied to the captured video to
detect the motion in captured video frames
Implementation
21
Motion detection algorithms implemented in this project:
Two dimensional Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC) algorithm
The Sum of Absolute Difference (SAD) algorithm

Detection fails when images contain global variations such as
illuminations changes or when camera moves






Implementation
22
To overcome this problem continuous re-estimation of
threshold value is required

Solution is to look at the variance of the set of data produced
from the cross correlation process

This method solves the problem of changing illumination
and camera movements



Implementation
23
Actions on Motion Detection Flow Chart
Actions on Motion Detection
24

2D normalized cross correlation algorithm is selected by
taking a threshold of 0.01

Only the frames which are having variance value greater
than threshold are stored in memory






Results
25
Results
Output Log file
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CONCLUSION
It requires very less preprocessing of the frames from
image sequence

The algorithms are robust against changes in illumination
and lighting conditions

In poor lighting conditions also the algorithms gives the
better results

This system mainly provides an efficient method for
surveillance purposes
REFERENCES
1. Duane C. Hanselman and Bruce L. Littlefield, Mastering Matlab 7.

2. Asif Ansari, Dr. T.C.Manjunath (Ph.D., IIT Bombay), Dr. C.Ardil, Implementation of a
Motion Detection System, International Journal of Computer Science Vol-3, Num-1,
2008.

3. Manoj S. Nagmode, Mrs. Madhuri A. Joshi, Ashok M. Sapkal, A Novel approach to
Detect and Track Moving Object using Partitioning and Normalized Cross Correlation
ICGST-GVIP Journal, ISSN: 1687-398X, Volume 9, Issue 4, August 2009.

4. JAIN, R. AND NAGEL, H. On the analysis of accumulative difference pictures from
image sequences of real world scenes. IEEE Trans. Patt. Analy. Mach. Intell. 1, 2, 206
214, 1979.

5. HARITAOGLU, I., HARWOOD, D., AND DAVIS, L. real-time surveillance of people and
their activities. IEEE Trans Patt. Analy. Mach. Intell. 22, 8, 809830, 2000.

6. Wu Huimin1,2, Zheng Xiaoshi2 , Zhao Yanling2, li Na, A new thresholding method
applied to Motion Detection. IEEE Pacific-Asia Workshop on Computational
Intelligence and Industrial Application, 2008.

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7. Guo Jing, Deepu Rajan and Chng Eng Siong, Motion Detection with Adaptive
Background and Dynamic Thresholds IEEE Trans Patt. Analy. Mach. Intell. 25, 6, 709
730, 2005.

8. Christopher Wren, Ali Azarbayejani, Trevor Darrell, and Alex Pentland. Pfinder: Real-
time tracking of the human body. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence, 19(7):780-785, July 1997.

9. Venkatesha M, Prasanth G Rao, Suhas N, Moving Vehicle Identification using
Background Registration Technique for Traffic Surveillance, IMECS 2008, Hong Kong ,
19-21 March 2008.

10. Nehme, M.A.; Khoury, W.; Yameen, B.; Al-Alaoui, M.A. Real time color based motion
detection and tracking, Proc. ISSPIT 2003, 3rd IEEE International Symposium on Signal
Processing and Information Technology, 14-17 Dec. 2003
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REFERENCES
11. Richard J. Radke, Srinivas Andra, Omar Al-ofahi, Badrinath Roysam, Image change
Detection Algorithms: A Systematic Survey, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,
Volume 14, No.3, pp. 294- 07, March 2005.

12. Gian Luca Foresti, Christian Micheloni, Lauro Sindaro, Paolo Remagnino and Tim Ellis,
Active Video-Based Surveillance System, IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, Vol.22, No.
2, pp. 25-37, March 2005.

13. Damien LEFLOCH, Real-Time People Counting system using Video Camera MS thesis
on Image and Artificial Intelligence.

14. Vibha L, Chetana Hegde, P Deepa Shenoy, Venugopal K R, L M Patnaik, Dynamic Object
Detection, Tracking and Counting in Video Streams for Multimedia Mining. IAENG
International journal of CS, 35:3, IJCS_35_3_16.

15. C. Stauffer and W. Grimson, Adaptive background mixture models for real time
tracking, In Proc. CVPR, pp 246-252, 1999.
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REFERENCES
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THANK YOU