S-MAC Protocol for Ad-hoc

ZigBee Wireless Sensor Networks

Presented by:-
Pramod Kumar
M.Tech. (Adv. ECE), SEM-II
Roll No.:- 1309136706

OUTLINE
Introduction to Ad-hoc Wireless Sensor Networks
The problem and existing solutions
Introduction to S-MAC protocol
S-MAC design
Performance
Conclusion


Introduction to Ad-hoc Wireless Sensor Networks
An Ad-Hoc wireless sensor network is a network of
sensor devices that are deployed in an ad-hoc fashion
and coordinate for sensing a physical phenomenon.
Each wireless sensing node typically includes
A Sensor
A processor
A radio
A battery
Ad-hoc Wireless Sensor Network Applications
Applications include
Traffic Surveillance
Military Applications
Fire Detection
Agricultural management
Structure and Earthquake monitoring
Industrial Control
Rescue Operations
Energy Efficiency in Ad hoc Wireless Sensor Networks
Energy efficiency is the primary concern in a wireless sensor
networks.
Causes of energy waste
Collisions
Takes place at the receiver
Increases Latency
Overhearing
Happens when the nodes pick up data destined to other nodes
Idle Listening
Listening to traffic that is not sent


Energy Efficiency in Ad hoc Wireless Sensor Networks
Motes, which are used as nodes in wireless sensor networks,
work on extremely low energy !!!

Source: http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/motes.htm
MAC Protocols Existing Solution
Stands for Medium Access Control.
Determine when and how nodes should access the shared medium.
Two broad categories
Contention based protocols e.g. IEEE 802.11, CSMA etc.
Scheduled based protocols e.g. TDMA, FDMA etc

MAC Protocols Limitations of Existing Solution
TDMA (Scheduled protocol)
Each node gets full bandwidth for a pre-allocated time in turns
Major drawback: Not suitable for networks whose node density
changes.
FDMA (Scheduled protocol)
Each node gets a permanent share of bandwidth
Major drawback: Poor bandwidth utilization
IEEE 802.11 (Contention based protocol)
Each node contends for the medium as necessary
Major drawback: Wastes a lot of energy in idle listening

Introduction of SMAC Protocol

Stands for Sensors Medium Access Control
Specifically designed for Ad hoc wireless sensor networks
Primary goal: Energy Efficiency
SMAC design Features
Main features of SMAC include
Periodic Listen
Collision Avoidance
Overhearing Avoidance
Message Passing

Tradeoffs


Latency
fairness
Energy
SMAC Design Periodic Listen and Sleep
Problem: Idle listening consumes significant energy

Solution: Put all the nodes to sleep periodically
Turn off radio when sleeping
Reduce duty cycle to ~10%
Preferable, neighboring nodes follow same schedule

Latency
Energy
SMAC Design Choosing and Maintaining Schedule
Nodes exchange their schedule by periodically broadcasting SYNC packet
Nodes take following 2 steps to choose their schedule
Listen for SYNC packets for a fixed amount of time
Case 1: No SYNC packets are received
Case 2: SYNC packet is received.
Case 3: Multiple SYNC packets are received.
Broadcast the chosen schedule by sending out SYNC packet.
Schedule 2
Schedule 1
Border nodes with 2
schedule broadcast twice
SMAC Design Listen and Sleep - Maintaining Synchronization
The listen time is divided into two parts:
For sending/receiving SYNC signal.
For sending/receiving Data.
SMAC Design Adaptive listening
Used to reduces multi-hop latency due to periodic sleep.
Neighboring nodes wake up for a short period of time at the end of
each transmission.
4 1 2 3
CTS
RTS
CTS
SMAC Design Overhearing Avoidance
All immediate neighbors of sender and receiver are put to sleep
upon receiving RTS/CTS.
Neighbors do not overhear data packets and following ACKS.
The duration field in the packet indicates how long to sleep.
SMAC design Message Passing
SMAC reintroduces the concept of Message Passing
Long messages are converted into small fragment and are
transmitted in bursts.
Receiver acknowledges each received fragment.
DATA/ACK DATA/ACK DATA/ACK DATA/ACK
Contention for medium Unfairness
Hidden terminal problem solved by ACK
A B
DATA
C
SYNC
corrupt
SMAC Design Implementation
To demonstrate the effectiveness of SMAC protocol compared to
conventional protocols, they were implemented and tested on Motes.
Operating System used was TinyOS.
Three MAC modules were implemented on Rene Motes
UCB mote with whip Antenna
An 802.11 like protocol without sleep
SMAC without periodic sleep
SMAC with period sleep
SMAC Design Implementation
Tests on a two hop network
Measures total energy overtime to send messages
The graph shows the mean energy on radios of source nodes
Idle listening
rarely happens
Periodic sleep for
Idle listening
SMAC Design Implementation
Tests on a ten hop network
The graph shows aggregate energy consumption in a 10-hop network
SMAC Design Conclusion
SMAC offers significant energy efficiency over always
listening MAC protocols.
SMAC is able to greatly prolong the network life, which is
critical for real-world network applications.
References:

Performance Analysis of SMAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Network
Simulator (Ns-2) by Gayatri Sakya, Vidushi Sharma

Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive Sleeping for Wireless Sensor
Networks, by Wei Ye, John Heidemann, and Deborah Estrin (IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS
ON NETWORKING, VOL. 12, NO. 3, JUNE 2004 )

Presentation by Wei Ye on MAC Layer Design for Wireless Sensor Networks

Presentation by Ranjith Udayshankar on Medium Access Control With Coordinated Adaptive
Sleeping for Wireless Sensor Networks

Figure of motes power spectrum obtained from
http://www.intel.com/research/exploratory/motes.htm