KINETIC MODEL

OF MATTER
UNIT 9
LESSON OUTCOMES
Part 9.1 (RECAP)

Recall the properties of solids, liquids and gases

Describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids,
liquids and gases

Relate properties of solids, liquids and gases
(i) to forces and distances between molecules
(ii) to motion of molecules

LESSON OUTCOMES
Part 9.2

Infer from Brownian motion experiment the evidence
for the movement of molecules

Describe relationship between motion of molecules
and temperature
Part 9.3

Explain pressure of a gas in terms of motion of its
molecules

Recall and explain using kinetic model:
(i) change in pressure of fixed mass of gas at constant
volume
(ii) change in volume occupied by fixed mass of gas
at constant pressure
(iii) a change in pressure of fixed mass of gas at
constant temperature

Use the relationships for (i) to (iii) to solve problems

LESSON OUTCOMES
Three states of matter

Solid Liquid Gas





For example, iceberg, sea water and steam
Part 9.1
Properties of Solids, Liquids and
Gases
Solid Liquid Gas
Shape &
Volume
Fixed shape
Fixed volume
Fixed volume
Does not have
fixed shape
Assumes shape
of container
No fixed shape
No fixed
volume
Assumes the
shape and
volume of
container
Compressibility Not easily
compressible
Not easily
compressible
Highly
compressible
Density High density High density Low density
Part 9.1
Properties of Solids, Liquids and
Gases
Solid Liquid Gas
Shape &
Volume
Fixed shape
Fixed volume
Fixed volume
Does not have
fixed shape
Assumes shape
of container
No fixed shape
No fixed
volume
Assumes the
shape and
volume of
container
Compressibility Not easily
compressible
Not easily
compressible
Highly
compressible
Density High density High density Low density
Part 9.1
WHY?
All matter is made up of tiny particles called
atoms or molecules

These particles are always in continuous motion

This assumption of tiny particles in continuous
motion is the kinetic model of matter

Kinetic Model of Matter
Part 9.1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9xB4
hhWvXY

Look out for the following:
distance between particles
forces between particles
motion of the particles (when heated)



Kinetic Model of Matter
Part 9.1
Properties of Solids, Liquids and
Gases
Solid Liquid Gas
Distance
between
molecules

(or
arrangement
of particles)
Molecules arranged
close together in
regular pattern
Molecules not
arranged in regular
pattern
Molecules are far apart
Incompressible
because molecules
are close together
with little space
between them
Molecules slightly
further apart than in
solids
Mainly empty space
between molecules
Liquids cannot be
compressed as
molecules are close
together with little
space between
them
That is why gas can be
compressed easily

COMPRESSIBILITY & DENSITY
Part 9.1
Properties of Solids, Liquids and
Gases
Solid Liquid Gas
Forces
between
molecules

Balanced forces between
molecules hold them in
fixed positions
Molecules vibrate to and
fro, alternately attracting
and repelling one another
Molecules are so far apart
that intermolecular
attractive forces are
negligible in a gas
Molecules vibrate about
fixed positions, alternately
attracting and repelling
one another
Molecules not held in fixed
position by attractive
forces
This explains why gases have
no fixed volume and shape
Strong attractive forces
prevent molecules from
leaving fixed positions while
repulsive forces between
atoms prevent them from
collapsing into one another
Molecules move among
one another throughout
the liquid. This explains why
liquids flow and take the
shape of container

Attractive and repulsive
forces explains why a solid
has fixed shape and fixed
volume
Attractive forces between
molecules make it difficult
for molecules to leave the
liquid. Thus liquids have
fixed volume.
SHAPE AND VOLUME
Part 9.1
Properties of Solids, Liquids and
Gases
Solid Liquid Gas
Motion of the
molecules

(or
movement of
particles)

When a solid is
heated, molecules
gain energy and
vibrate more
When a liquid is
heated, molecules
vibrate and move
about more
vigorously
Molecules move
randomly at high speed

Separation between
molecules increase
slightly and the solid
expands

Thus liquid expands,
but only very slightly
Intermolecular repulsive
forces act only when
molecules collide with
one another and with
the walls of container
A gas is thus able to
expand and fill a
container completely
Part 9.1
Properties of Solids, Liquids and
Gases
Solid Liquid Gas
Motion of the
molecules

(or
movement of
particles)

When a solid is
heated, molecules
gain energy and
vibrate more
When a liquid is
heated, molecules
vibrate and move
about more
vigorously
Molecules move
randomly at high speed

Separation between
molecules increase
slightly and the solid
expands

Thus liquid expands,
but only very slightly
Intermolecular repulsive
forces act only when
molecules collide with
one another and with
the walls of container
A gas is thus able to
expand and fill a
container completely
Part 9.1
HOW DO WE KNOW THAT THE PARTICLES ARE IN
CONTINUOUS MOTION?
LESSON OUTCOMES
Part 9.2

Infer from Brownian motion experiment the evidence
for the movement of molecules

Describe relationship between motion of molecules
and temperature
Brownian Motion
Named after Scottish botanist Robert Brown
Observed using microscope to study tiny grains of
pollen suspended in water

Part 9.2
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRFd
QuCyrfg&feature=related

Look out for the following:
motion of the particles



Brownian Motion
Part 9.2
Using microscope to look at smoke
particles floating in air

Observation:
smoke particles moving around in
random haphazard manner

Reason:
air/water (fluids) particles are in
constant random motion,
bombarding on the smoke particles,
causing smoke particles to
experience movement in the
direction of the resultant force

Brownian Motion
Part 9.2
resultant
force
http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.e
du/more_stuff/Applets/brownian/brownia
n.html

Look out for the following:
motion of the air/water particles
motion of the smoke particles



Brownian Motion
Part 9.2
http://galileoandeinstein.physics.virginia.e
du/more_stuff/Applets/brownian/brownia
n.html

Look out for the following:
motion of the air/water particles
motion of the smoke particles



Brownian Motion
Part 9.2
WHAT IF WE INCREASED THE
TEMPERATURE?
http://ultrastudio.org/en/Brownian_motio
n

Look out for the following:
motion of the particles
frequency of collisions between particles



Brownian Motion
Part 9.2
BROWNIAN MOTION
Motion of Molecules and Temperature
When temperature is higher, smoke particles are
observed to become more vigorous

This is because when temperature increases,
air/water particles gain kinetic energy causing
them to move faster

Air/water particles which are moving faster
(when temperature increases) hit the smoke
particles more frequently and harder

Part 9.2
BROWNIAN MOTION
Motion of Molecules and Temperature
When temperature is higher, Brownian motion of
smoke particles in air becomes more vigorous

Surrounding air particles moving faster and
hitting smoke particles more frequently and
harder

When temperature increases, thermal energy is
transferred to molecules and molecules gain
kinetic energy causing them to move faster
Part 9.2
WHAT ARE THESE AIR MOLECULES
DOING IN A CONTAINER?
Part 9.3

Explain pressure of a gas in terms of motion of its
molecules

Recall and explain using kinetic model:
(i) change in pressure of fixed mass of gas at constant
volume
(ii) change in volume occupied by fixed mass of gas
at constant pressure
(iii) a change in pressure of fixed mass of gas at
constant temperature

Use the relationships for (i) to (iii) to solve problems

LESSON OUTCOMES
AIR/GAS PARTICLES
Kinetic theory explains the pressure exerted by a gas
on walls of container

When randomly moving gas molecules hit the wall
of a container, they exert a force on the wall

Pressure is defined as
force per unit area

Force acting per unit area
per unit time on the container
is the gas pressure
Part 9.3
KINETIC MODEL
Motion of Molecules and Temperature
IF WE MANAGED TO KEEP VOLUME OF A
CONTAINER CONSTANT,
WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE GAS
PARTICLES IF WE INCREASE THE
TEMPERATURE?
Part 9.3
WHAT SHOULD HAPPEN TO THE
PRESSURE?
http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/La
boratory/GLP.htm

Look out for the following:
motion of the particles
frequency of collisions on the wall
relationship between Temperature and
Pressure

Volume Constant
Temperature VS Pressure
Part 9.3
Part 9.3
P T
Volume Constant
Temperature VS Pressure
for a fixed mass of a gas at constant volume, as
the temperature of the gas in the container
increases
the gas molecules move faster and hit the walls
more frequently and more violently
this causes pressure to increase
therefore for a fixed mass of gas at constant
volume, gas pressure increases with gas
temperature and vice versa.
Part 9.3
Volume Constant
Temperature VS Pressure
Part 9.3
Volume Constant
Temperature VS Pressure
Example
IF WE MANAGED TO KEEP GAS
PRESSURE OF A CONTAINER
CONSTANT,
WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE AIR
PARTICLES IF WE INCREASE THE
TEMPERATURE?
Part 9.3
WHAT SHOULD HAPPEN TO THE
VOLUME?
http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/La
boratory/GLP.htm

Look out for the following:
motion of the particles
frequency of collisions on the wall
relationship between Temperature and
Volume

Part 9.3
Pressure Constant
Temperature VS Volume
Part 9.3
V T
Pressure Constant
Temperature VS Volume
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yLC
MKR4EKpw&feature=related

Think of the following:
what is happening to the air particles in the
balloon

Part 9.3
Pressure Constant
Temperature VS Volume
for a fixed mass of gas at constant volume when the
temperature of the gas in the container increases, the gas
molecules move faster and hit the walls more frequently and
with greater force
this causes pressure to increase
to maintain constant pressure, increase the volume of
container to reduce the frequency of collisions
per area per unit time with the container
therefore, the volume of a fixed mass of gas at constant
pressure increases with temperature and vice versa.
Part 9.3
Pressure Constant
Temperature VS Volume
IF WE MANAGED TO KEEP
TEMPERATURE OF A CONTAINER
CONSTANT,
WHAT WILL HAPPEN TO THE AIR
PARTICLES IF WE REDUCED THE
VOLUME OF THE CONTAINER?
Part 9.3
WHAT SHOULD HAPPEN TO THE
PRESSURE?
http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/La
boratory/GLP.htm

Look out for the following:
motion of the particles
frequency of collisions on the wall
relationship between Volume and Pressure

Part 9.3
Temperature Constant
Pressure VS Volume


Or where k is a constant




Part 9.3
V
P
1

V
P
k

Temperature Constant
Pressure VS Volume
Pressure
Volume
Pressure
1/Volume

V
k P
1

since where k is a constant

from the above we derive

Or Boyles Law,



Part 9.3
P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2
Temperature Constant
Pressure VS Volume
V
P
k

k PV
for a fixed mass of gas at constant
temperature, average speed of gas
molecules remains the same
if volume of the container is halved, the
number of gas molecules per unit volume in
the container will be doubled
Part 9.3
Temperature Constant
Pressure VS Volume
the frequency of gas molecules colliding with
the wall per area per unit time will also be
doubled
pressure will be doubled
for a fixed mass of gas at constant
temperature, gas pressure increases when
volume decreases and vice versa

Part 9.3
Temperature Constant
Pressure VS Volume
(interesting demo)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DcnuQoEy6w
A&feature=related

Think of the following:
what is happening to the volume and pressure
in the balloon? Hence, what is happening to
the particles in the balloon?

What is happening to the volume and pressure
in the bell jar? Hence, what is happening to the
particles in the bell jar?



Part 9.3
Temperature Constant
Pressure VS Volume
Example 1
A container containing 50 m
3
of air has been
compressed. The initial pressure measured is 10
N/m
2
, what is the pressure if the volume of the air
has been compressed to 25 m
3?


Part 9.3
50 m
3
25 m
3
Temperature Constant
Pressure VS Volume
Example 2
A container of initial pressure 10 Pa has been
compressed. What is the final height of the
container if the final pressure measured is 50 Pa?

Part 9.3
Temperature Constant
Pressure VS Volume
10 m

? m

10 Pa

50 Pa

Summary Quiz
Part 9.3
Gas
Particles:

Space
between
Speed

Frequency
of collisions
Force on
collision
with wall
constant variable outcome
volume
(P vs T)
temp
increases
same faster increases increases pressure
increases
temp
(P vs V)
vol
increases
increases same decreases same pressure
decreases
pressure
(V vs T)
temp
increases
increases faster decreases increases volume
increases
Example 3 (Optional)
A container of initial pressure 10 Pa leaked out 20%
of its gas. If the volume of the container remains
the same, what is the new pressure of the
container?

Part 9.3
Temperature Constant
Pressure VS Volume
? Pa

10 Pa

10 m
10 m
10 m
20 m
Force Area Pressure
100 N 100 m
2
1 Pa
? N 200 m
2

1 Pa
(constant)
Each particle
exert a 20 N
force on the
wall
Part 9.3