MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS
Third Edition
Ferdinand P. Beer
E. Russell Johnston, Jr.
John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:
J. Walt Oler
Texas Tech University
CHAPTER
2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
8
Principle Stresses
Under a Given
Loading
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8 - 2
Introduction
In Chaps. 1 and 2, you learned how to determine the normal stress due
to centric loads
In Chap. 3, you analyzed the distribution of shearing stresses in a
circular member due to a twisting couple
In Chap. 4, you determined the normal stresses caused by bending
couples
In Chaps. 5 and 6, you evaluated the shearing stresses due to transverse
loads
In Chap. 7, you learned how the components of stress are transformed
by a rotation of the coordinate axes and how to determine the
principal planes, principal stresses, and maximum shearing stress
at a point.
In Chapter 8, you will learn how to determine the stress in a structural
member or machine element due to a combination of loads and
how to find the corresponding principal stresses and maximum
shearing stress
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8 - 3
Principle Stresses in a Beam
Prismatic beam subjected to transverse
loading
It
VQ
It
VQ
I
Mc
I
My
m xy
m x
= =
= =
t t
o o
Principal stresses determined from methods
of Chapter 7
Can the maximum normal stress within
the cross-section be larger than
I
Mc
m
= o
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8 - 4
Principle Stresses in a Beam
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8 - 5
Principle Stresses in a Beam
Cross-section shape results in large values of t
xy

near the surface where o
x
is also large.
o
max
may be greater than o
m

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8 - 6
Sample Problem 8.1
A 160-kN force is applied at the end
of a W200x52 rolled-steel beam.

Neglecting the effects of fillets and
of stress concentrations, determine
whether the normal stresses satisfy a
design specification that they be
equal to or less than 150 MPa at
section A-A.
SOLUTION:
Determine shear and bending
moment in Section A-A
Calculate the normal stress at top
surface and at flange-web junction.
Evaluate the shear stress at flange-
web junction.
Calculate the principal stress at
flange-web junction
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8 - 7
Sample Problem 8.1
SOLUTION:
Determine shear and bending moment in
Section A-A
( )( )
kN 160
m - kN 60 m 375 . 0 kN 160
=
= =
A
A
V
M
Calculate the normal stress at top surface
and at flange-web junction.
( )
MPa 9 . 102
mm 103
mm 4 . 90
MPa 2 . 117
MPa 2 . 117
m 10 512
m kN 60
3 6
=
= =
=


= =

c
y

S
M
b
a b
A
a
o
o
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8 - 8
Sample Problem 8.1
Evaluate shear stress at flange-web junction.
( )
( )( )
( )( )
MPa 5 . 95
m 0079 . 0 m 10 7 . 52
m 10 6 . 248 kN 160
m 10 6 . 248
mm 10 6 . 248 7 . 96 6 . 12 204
4 6
3 6
3 6
3 3
=


= =
=
= =

It
Q V
Q
A
b
t
Calculate the principal stress at
flange-web junction
( )
( )
( ) MPa 150 MPa 9 . 169
5 . 95
2
9 . 102
2
9 . 102
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
max
> =
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ + =
b b b
t o o o
Design specification is not satisfied.
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8 - 9
Sample Problem 8.2
The overhanging beam supports a
uniformly distributed load and a
concentrated load. Knowing that for
the grade of steel to used o
all
= 24 ksi
and t
all
= 14.5 ksi, select the wide-
flange beam which should be used.
SOLUTION:
Determine reactions at A and D.
Find maximum shearing stress.
Find maximum normal stress.
Calculate required section modulus
and select appropriate beam section.
Determine maximum shear and
bending moment from shear and
bending moment diagrams.
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8 - 10
Sample Problem 8.2
Calculate required section modulus
and select appropriate beam section.
section beam 62 select W21
in 7 . 119
ksi 24
in kip 24
3
max
min

= =
all
M
S
o
SOLUTION:
Determine reactions at A and D.
kips 41 0
kips 59 0
= =

= =

A D
D A
R M
R M
Determine maximum shear and bending
moment from shear and bending moment
diagrams.
kips 43
kips 2 . 12 with in kip 4 . 239
max
max
=
= =
V
V M
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8 - 11
Sample Problem 8.2
Find maximum shearing stress.
Assuming uniform shearing stress in web,
ksi 14.5 ksi 12 . 5
in 8.40
kips 43
2
max
max
< = = =
web
A
V
t
Find maximum normal stress.
( )
ksii 45 . 1
in 8.40
kips 2 . 12
ksi 3 . 21
5 . 10
88 . 9
ksi 6 . 22
ksi 6 . 22
27in 1
in kip 60
2873
2
b
3
max
= = =
= = =
=

= =
web
b
a b
a
A
V
c
y

S
M
t
o
o
( )
ksi 24 ksi 4 . 21
ksi 45 . 1
2
ksi 3 . 21
2
ksi 3 . 21
2
2
max
< =
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ = o
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8 - 12
Design of a Transmission Shaft
If power is transferred to and from the
shaft by gears or sprocket wheels, the
shaft is subjected to transverse loading
as well as shear loading.
Normal stresses due to transverse loads
may be large and should be included in
determination of maximum shearing
stress.
Shearing stresses due to transverse
loads are usually small and
contribution to maximum shear stress
may be neglected.
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8 - 13
Design of a Transmission Shaft
At any section,
J
Tc
M M M
I
Mc
m
z y m
=
+ = =
t
o
2 2 2
where
Maximum shearing stress,
( )
2 2
max
2 2
2
2
max
2 section, - cross annular or circular a for
2 2
T M
J
c
J I
J
Tc
I
Mc
m
m
+ =
=
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
= +
|
.
|

\
|
=
t
t
o
t
Shaft section requirement,
all
T M
c
J
t
max
2 2
min
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
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8 - 14
Sample Problem 8.3
Solid shaft rotates at 480 rpm and
transmits 30 kW from the motor to
gears G and H; 20 kW is taken off at
gear G and 10 kW at gear H. Knowing
that o
all
= 50 MPa, determine the
smallest permissible diameter for the
shaft.
SOLUTION:
Determine the gear torques and
corresponding tangential forces.
Find reactions at A and B.
Identify critical shaft section from
torque and bending moment diagrams.
Calculate minimum allowable shaft
diameter.
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8 - 15
Sample Problem 8.3
SOLUTION:
Determine the gear torques and corresponding
tangential forces.
( )
( )
( )
kN 49 . 2 m N 199
Hz 80 2
kW 10
kN 63 . 6 m N 398
Hz 80 2
kW 20
kN 73 . 3
m 0.16
m N 597
m N 597
Hz 80 2
kW 30
2
= = =
= = =
=

= =
= = =
D D
C C
E
E
E
E
F T
F T
r
T
F
f
P
T
t
t
t t
Find reactions at A and B.
kN 90 . 2 kN 80 . 2
kN 22 . 6 kN 932 . 0
= =
= =
z y
z y
B B
A A
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8 - 16
Sample Problem 8.3
Identify critical shaft section from torque and
bending moment diagrams.
( )
m N 1357
597 373 1160
2 2 2
max
2 2
=
+ + = |
.
|

\
|
+T M
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8 - 17
Sample Problem 8.3
Calculate minimum allowable shaft diameter.
m 25.85 m 02585 . 0
m 10 14 . 27
2
shaft, circular solid a For
m 10 14 . 27
MPa 50
m N 1357
3 6 3
3 6
2 2
= =
= =
=

=
+
=

c
c
c
J
T M
c
J
all
t
t
mm 7 . 51 2 = = c d
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8 - 18
Stresses Under Combined Loadings
Wish to determine stresses in slender
structural members subjected to
arbitrary loadings.
Pass section through points of interest.
Determine force-couple system at
centroid of section required to maintain
equilibrium.
System of internal forces consist of
three force components and three
couple vectors.
Determine stress distribution by
applying the superposition principle.
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8 - 19
Stresses Under Combined Loadings
Axial force and in-plane couple vectors
contribute to normal stress distribution
in the section.
Shear force components and twisting
couple contribute to shearing stress
distribution in the section.
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8 - 20
Stresses Under Combined Loadings
Normal and shearing stresses are used to
determine principal stresses, maximum
shearing stress and orientation of principal
planes.
Analysis is valid only to extent that
conditions of applicability of superposition
principle and Saint-Venants principle are
met.
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8 - 21
Sample Problem 8.5
Three forces are applied to a short
steel post as shown. Determine the
principle stresses, principal planes and
maximum shearing stress at point H.
SOLUTION:
Determine internal forces in Section
EFG.
Calculate principal stresses and
maximum shearing stress.
Determine principal planes.
Evaluate shearing stress at H.
Evaluate normal stress at H.
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8 - 22
Sample Problem 8.5
SOLUTION:
Determine internal forces in Section EFG.
( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) m kN 3 m 100 . 0 kN 30 0
m kN 5 . 8
m 200 . 0 kN 75 m 130 . 0 kN 50
kN 75 kN 50 kN 30
= = =
=
=
= = =
z y
x
z x
M M
M
V P V
Note: Section properties,
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
4 6 3
12
1
4 6 3
12
1
2 3
m 10 747 . 0 m 040 . 0 m 140 . 0
m 10 15 . 9 m 140 . 0 m 040 . 0
m 10 6 . 5 m 140 . 0 m 040 . 0

= =
= =
= =
z
x
I
I
A
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8 - 23
Sample Problem 8.5
Evaluate normal stress at H.
( )( )
( )( )
( ) MPa 66.0 MPa 2 . 23 3 . 80 93 . 8
m 10 15 . 9
m 025 . 0 m kN 5 . 8
m 10 747 . 0
m 020 . 0 m kN 3
m 10 5.6
kN 50
4 6
4 6 2 3 -
= + =

=
+ + =

x
x
z
z
y
I
b M
I
a M
A
P
o
Evaluate shearing stress at H.
( )( ) | |( )
( )( )
( )( )
MPa 52 . 17
m 040 . 0 m 10 15 . 9
m 10 5 . 85 kN 75
m 10 5 . 85
m 0475 . 0 m 045 . 0 m 040 . 0
4 6
3 6
3 6
1 1
=


= =
=
= =

t I
Q V
y A Q
x
z
yz
t
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8 - 24
Sample Problem 8.5
Calculate principal stresses and maximum
shearing stress.
Determine principal planes.
=
= = =
= = =
= + = + =
= + = =
98 . 13
96 . 27 2
0 . 33
52 . 17
2 tan
MPa 4 . 7 4 . 37 0 . 33
MPa 4 . 70 4 . 37 0 . 33
MPa 4 . 37 52 . 17 0 . 33
p p
min
max
2 2
max
p
CD
CY
R OC
R OC
R
u
u u
o
o
t
=
=
=
=
98 . 13
MPa 4 . 7
MPa 4 . 70
MPa 4 . 37
min
max
max
p
u
o
o
t