SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTIC NAVJOT KAUR

& PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY BDS IV PROF.
ROLL NO. 43
CHRONOLOGY
DEFINITION:
Chronos - Time
Logos Study
It is defined as the study which deals with the
timing of various stages of tooth development,
starting with initiation of the first dental tissue
laid down to the emergence of the tooth into the
oral cavity & its completion of calcification.

Originally it was based on the data of Logon &
Kronfeld (1933).
Modified by:
Massler & Shour (1941),
Moorrees, fanning & hunt (1963),
Kraus & jordan (1965),
Nystrom (1977).
TIMING OF CROWN & ROOT
DEVELOPMENT
PRIMARY TEETH PERMANENT TEETH
Crown completion



Eruption



Root completion
Crown completion



Eruption



Root completion
Incisors
Canine &
molars
4-6 months
6-12 months
1 year
3-4 years
3 years
NOLLA STAGES OF TOOTH
DEVELOPMENT (1952)
Stage 0 : absence of crypt
Stage 0 : absence of crypt

Stage 1 : presence of crypt

Stage 2 : initial calcification

Stage 3 : 1/3
rd
of crown completed

Stage 4 : 2/3
rd
of crown completed

Stage 5 : crown almost completed

Stage 6 : crown completed

Stage 7 : 1/3
rd
of root completed

Stage 8 : 2/3
rd
of root completed

Stage 9 : root completed , apex open

Stage 10 : apical foraman closed
A

B


C


D

E


F



G



H
DECIDUOUS DENTITION
Initiation of hard tissue development for all
deciduous teeth occurs between 3.5 & 4.5
intrauterine months.

Crown get mineralized halfway by birth and
become fully formed during first 12 month.

Roots are completed b/w the age of 1.5 & 3
years.

TOOTH FIRST EVIDENCE OF
CALCIFICATION
(weeks in utero)
CROWN
COMPLETED
(months)
ERUPTION
(months)
ROOT
COMPLETED
(years)
UPPER
A 14 1 10 (8-12) 1
B 16 2 11 (9-13) 2
C 17 9 19 (16-22) 3
D 15 6 16 (13-19) 2
E 19 11 29 (25-33) 3
LOWER
A 14 2 8 (6-10) 1
B 16 3 13 (10-16) 1
C 17 9 20 (17-23) 3
D 15 5 16 (14-18) 2
E 18 10 27 (23-31) 3
CHRONOLOGY OF PRIMARY DENTITION
SEQUENCE OF ERUPTION OF
PRIMARY TEETH

AB D C E
A B D CE
PERMANENT DENTITION
Mineralization of 1
st
permanent molar commences
at birth & is followed by the other teeth during
first 3.5 years of postnatal life.

Crown completion takes place at an age of 7 years.

Mineralization ceases at an av. Age of 15-16 years
with completion of roots of 2
nd
molars.
Mineralization stages of 3
rd
molar:
Initiation 9 years
Crown completion 13 years
Root formation 20 years

Development of central incisors is more rapid.

Development of canine & 2
nd
molars the slowest.

Root development alone takes on an av. From 6-7
years.
Tooth First evidence of calcification Crown completed
(years)
Eruption (years) Root completed
UPPER
1 3-4 mo 4-5 7-8 10
2 10-12 mo 4-5 8-9 11
3 4-5 mo 6-7 11-12 13-15
4 1-1 yr 5-6 10-11 12-13
5 2-2 yr 6-7 10-12 12-14
6 At birth 2-3 6-7 9-10
7 2-3 yr 7-8 12-13 14-16
8 7-9 yr 12-16 17-21 18-25
LOWER
1 3-4 mo 4-5 6-7 9
2 3-4 mo 4-5 7-8 10
3 4-5 mo 6-7 9-10 12-14
4 1-2 yr 5-6 10-12 12-13
5 2-2 yr 6-7 11-12 13-14
6 At birth 2-3 6-7 9-10
7 2-3 yr 7-8 11-13 14-16
8 8-10 yr 12-16 17-21 18-25
TOOTH ERUPTION
Derived from erumpere, meaning to break out.
Axial or occlusal movement of tooth from its
developmental position within jaw to its functional
position in the occlusal plane.





Eruption is only a part of physiological tooth
movement.

TYPES OF ERUPTION
3 types:
Continuously growing
Continuously extruding
Continuously invested teeth.
TYPES OF ERUPTION

Continuously growing:
formation & eruption occurs throughout the life.
formed from proliferative base.
Crown & roots are similar morphologically.
Extensive wear.
Eruption velocity increases whenever velocity of
wear increases.
E.g. incisors of rodent.

TYPES OF ERUPTION

Continuously extruding:
Teeth stop forming once root formation is complete.
Moderate occlusal wear.
Height is maintained by apical migration of
surrounding epithelial attachment, without
simultaneous deposition of alveolar bone.
Tooth eventually loosen & exfoliate completely.
E.g. cheek teeth of cattle & sheep.

TYPES OF ERUPTION
Continuously invested teeth:
Similar to continuously extruding, but the
alveolar bone remodels in response to eruption.
With normal attrition, the clinical crown
shortens & tooth erupts to maintain vertical
height & occlusal function & bring the alveolar
bone with it.
E.g. human teeth.
PHYSIOLOGICAL TOOTH
MOVEMENT
Consist of :
a. Preeruptive tooth movement
b. Eruptive tooth movement
c. Posteruptive tooth movement

PREERUPTIVE TOOTH
MOVEMENT
It is a movement positioning the tooth & its crypt
within growing jaws preparatory to tooth eruption.
Change in the position of tooth germ is a result of
Body movement of tooth germ
Growth of tooth germ
Relative change in position of associated deciduous and
permanent tooth germs
The permanent molars , which have no deciduous
predecessors, also exhibit movement.
All these movement occurs in association with growth
of jaw .
ERUPTIVE TOOTH MOVEMENT
During this phase, tooth moves from its position within the
bone of the jaw to its functional position in occlusion.

Principal direction of movement is occlusal or axial.

PREFUNCTIONAL TOOTH MOVEMENT movement of
tooth after its appearance in the oral cavity till it attains the
functional position.

Tooth erupts about 4 mm in 14 weeks.
POST ERUPTIVE TOOTH
MOVEMENT
These are the movement that-

1. Maintain the position of an erupted tooth while
jaws continues to grow and

2. Compensate for occlusal and proximal wear.

Forces opposing the eruption
mechanism control post emergent
eruption.
MECHANISM OF TOOTH
MOVEMENT
The mechanism that brings about tooth movement is
still debatable & is likely to be a combination of a
number of factors.
Main factors include
Bone remodeling
Root growth
Vascular pressure
Ligament traction
THEORIES OF ERUPTION
Bone growth theory
Root growth theory
Vascular pressure theory
Periodontal ligament traction theory
Constriction of pulp
Pulp growth
BONE REMODELING THEORY
Selective deposition & resorption of bone brings
about eruption.
It is important to permit tooth movement.
Experiment establishes absolute requirement for
dental follicle to achieve bony remodeling & tooth
eruption.
It is the follicle that provide s the source of new
bone forming cell & conduit for osteoclasts.

ROOT FORMATION THEORY
Proliferating root impinges on fixed case, thus converting
an apically directed force into occlusal movement.
Root formation follows crown formation and involves
cellular proliferation & formation of new tissue that must
be accommodated by either movement of crown of the
tooth or the resorption of bone at the base of socket.
Translation of the root growth into occlusal movement
requires fixed base .
Advocates of this theory postulated the existence of
cushion hammock ligament , that provide fixed base
CONTRADICTIONS
Cushion hammock ligament cannot act as fixed
base.
Some teeth move a distance greater than the root
length & eruptive movement also occur after
completion of root formation.
Experimental resection preventing further root
formation does not stop eruptive tooth movement.
VASCULAR PRESSURE THEORY
A local increase in the tissue fluid pressure in
periapical region is sufficient to move the tooth.
Teeth move in synchrony with arterial pulse, so local
volume changes can produce limited tooth movement.
Factors in favour of this theory are-
Increase in hydrostatic pressure induced by hypotensive
drugs increases the rate of eruption while stimulation of
sympathetic nerves decreases rate of eruption.
No. of capillaries increases with the eruption rate & their
distribution varies; more no. of capillaries are seen near
the base of crypt than the alveolar crest.
PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT
TRACTION THEORY
Cells & fibers of ligament pull the tooth into occlusal.
There is is good deal of evidences that the eruptive
force resides in dental follicle- periodontal ligament
complex.
Abnormalities of dental follicle as shown in certain
diseases are associated with delayed tooth eruption.
Drugs that interrupt proper formation of collagen in
ligament also interfere with eruption.
PDL fibroblast have a ability to contract & transmit
contractile forces to extracellular environment.
Thus acc. to this theory, eruption of teeth
could be brought about by a combination of
events involving:
Contractile forces by fibroblast
Transmitted to ECC & collagen
Tooth movement
Via fibronexuses
At appropriate inclination
So , eruptive tooth movement is
multifactorial, like vascular
pressure at apex along with
contractile forces generated by
dental follicle playing an important
part & bone formation & resorption
facilitating the process.
MECHANISM OF POSTERUPTIVE
TOOTH MOVEMENT
Mechanism of axial movement is similar to that of
eruptive tooth movement.
Mesial drift involves a combination of 2 separate
forces resulting from occlusal contact of teeth &
contraction of transseptal ligaments b/w teeth.
When jaws are clenched, bringing teeth into
contact, force is generated in a mesial direction
because of summation of cuspal planes & because
many teeth have a mesial inclination.
Clinical consideration
Assessment of dental age
Natal & neonatal teeth
Delayed eruption
Ankylosis
Impaction
Supraeruption

SHEDDING OF DECIDUOUS
TEETH
Physiological process resulting in elimination of
deciduous dentition is called shedding or
exfoliation.
Shedding is a result of progressive resorption of roots
of teeth & their supporting tissue , periodontal
ligament .
Pressure generated by the growing & erupting
permanent tooth dictates the pattern of deciduous
tooth resorption.
First sign of root resorption is seen in deciduous CI &
first molar by the age of 4-5 year.
In CI resorption starts on lingual side.
In molars from inner surfaces of root.
Resorption of deciduous incisors takes place more
rapidly (1.5-2 yr) than that of canine & molars(2.5-5.7
yr.) .
Mechanism of shedding
Pressure from the erupting successional tooth plays a
key role because the odontoclasts appear at predicted
sites of pressure.
Unlike osteoblast, cementoblasts are not responsive
to hormone & cytokines. Therefore prior to resorption
cementoblastic layer has to be damaged probably by
inflammatory process .
Reduced enamel ep. of erupting tooth release some
substances to initiate this process.
Predentin resist resorption more than any other hard
tissue.
Odontoclast
Attaches to hard tissue surfaces through clear zone
Sealed space lined by ruffled border
Microenvironment
Ruffled border act as proton pump
Acidify EC
environment
Dissolution of
mineral
Secretion of lysosomal enzyme into same
environment
Degrade organic
matrix
FACTORS AFFECTING
SHEDDING
When a successional tooth germ is missing ,
shedding of the deciduous tooth is delayed .

Forces of mastication.

Clinical considerations
Remnants of deciduous teeth
Retained deciduous teeth
Submerged deciduous teeth
TOOTH NUMBERING SYSTEM
VARIOUS NUMBERING SYSTEMS ARE:
Universal system
Symbolic system
FDI system
UNIVERSAL SYSTEM
Recommended by ADA in 1968.
PRIMARY DENTITION: Universal system for primary
dentition uses uppercase letters.
The entire primary dentition is as follow:

A B C D E F G H I J
T S R Q P O N M L K




Midsagittal plane
Right
Left
UNIVERSAL SYSTEM
PERMANENT DENTITION: permanent teeth are numbered from
1-32.
The following universal notation designates the entire
permanent dentition:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17


ADVANTAGES OF UNIVERSAL
SYSTEM OF NOTATION
Acceptable to computer language.
Less confusing than palmer notation
SYMBOLIC SYSTEM
It is also known as zsigmondy/palmer notation or
palmer notation system.

Introduced by adolph zsigmondy in 1861 & then
modified for primary dentition in 1874.

Given by Palmer in 1870.

SYMBOLIC SYSTEM
In this system arches are divided into quadrants
with the entire primary dentition being notated as :

E D C B A A B C D E
E D C B A A B C D E

e.g. max right central incisors- A|
SYMBOLIC SYSTEM
PERMANENT DENTITION:
It is a four quadrant symbolic system, in which beginning
from central incisors , teeth are numbered 1 through 8.

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

E.g. right max 1
st
molar 6|
LIMITATIONS OF PALMER
NOTATIONS
It is generally incompatible with computer and word
processing systems.

More confusing.
FDI SYSTEM
Proposed by Federation Dentaire
Internationale(FDI).

Adopted by WHO & other such as IADR.

It is atwo digit system given for both primary and
permanent dentition.











FDI system of tooth notation for
primary teeth
5- right max. quadrant
6- left max. quadrant
7- left mand. Quadrant
8- right mand. Quadrant

55 54 53 52 51 61 62 63 64 65
85 84 83 82 81 71 72 73 74 75
FDI notation for permanent teeth
In this first digit indicate that is 1-4 & second digit
indicate tooth within the quadrant.

18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Thank
you