1

Todays Lecture
Engineering Stress & Strain
True Stress & Strain
Engineering Stress/Strain vs. True Stress/Strain
Stress Strain Curves
2
Deformation Mode
Basic Deformation Mode



Tension or
Compression
Torsion
3
Engineering Stress & Strain - Tension
Engineering Stress


Engineering Strain
(compression vs. tension)

P
P
l
0
l
A
0
A
x
y
) (
min
0
psi
A
P
Area al Nor
Force
= = o
(%)
min
0
0
0
l
l l
l
l
Length al Nor
Change Length
e

=
A
= =
4
Engineering Stress & Strain - Tension
Elongation


Ductility (Reduction of Area)

P
P
f
l 0
l
f
A
0
A
x
y
100
0
0

=
l
l l
Elongation
f
100 Re
0
0

=
A
A A
area of duction
f
5
Engineering Stress & Strain - Tension
Poissons Ratio ( ~ 0.3)





P
P
f
l 0
l
f
A
0
A
x
y
y
x
c
c
u =
6
Shear Stress & Strain
Shear Stress


Shear Strain
F
F
A
A
F
= t
a
b
u
u u ~ = = tan
b
a
7
True Stress & Strain
More Accurate Measurement
True Stress

True Strain
P
P
l
0
l
A
0
A
x
y
A
P
Area eous Ins
Force
= =
tan tan
o
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
D
D
D
D
A
A
l
l
0
2
0 0
0
ln 2 ln ln ln c
8
Engineering Stress/Strain vs.
True Stress/Strain
True Stress & Engineering Stress (Up to necking)



True Strain & Engineering Strain (Up to necking)

( ) e
l
l
l
l l
l
l
A
P
l
l A
P
A
P
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
A +
=
- =
|
.
|

\
|
= =
1 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0 0
0 0
o o o
o
( ) e
l
l l
l
l
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
A +
= = 1 ln ln ln
0
0
0
c
9
Engineering Stress-Strain Curve


X
0
l
e
l
u
l
f
l
0
e
u
e
f
e
Neck
Y
o
UTS
o
Fracture
Plastic Elastic
E
Y
o
Offset, 0.2%
l A
10
Engineering Stress-Strain Curve (Contd)
Youngs Modulus : slope of the of the elastic
range
Yield Strength : stress required to generate
permanent deformation
Tensile Strength : maximum stress
Flow Stress: stress causes continuous deformation
after yielding
Failure Stress: stress when the material fractures
E
Y
o
UTS
o
11
True Stress-Strain Curve
Constitutive Eq.
(plastic range)
:strength coefficient
(true stress at unit true strain)
:strain hardening exponent

n
Kc o =
K
n
c o log log log n K + =
o Log
c log
K log
n
1
True
Eng.
o
c
f
c
12
True Stress-Strain Curve (Contd)
True Strain Equals to the n Value at Necking,
i.e., Max Load (only occurs in tension)
Proof


c
c

= = e A A
A
A
0
0
ln
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
c c c
o
c
o
c
o o e e
d
d
A
d
dP
e A A P
0 0
n
K
d
d
dP necking At c o o
c
o
= = = , 0 ,
n K nK
n n
= =

c c c
1
P
c
13
Example 1
A strip of metal of 1.5m long is stretched in three steps:
to length of 2.0m, then to 2.5m, finally to 3.0m.
Calculate engineering and true strain.
Solution:
Engineering Strain
total total
f
total
total
e e
l
l l
e
e e e e
l
l l
e
l
l l
e
l
l l
e
'
= =

=
'
= + + =
=

=
=

=
=

=
1
5 . 1
5 . 1 0 . 3
783 . 0
200 . 0
5 . 2
5 . 2 0 . 3
250 . 0
0 . 2
0 . 2 5 . 2
333 . 0
5 . 1
5 . 1 0 . 2
0
0
3 2 1
2
2 3
3
1
1 2
2
0
0 1
1
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Example 1 (Contd)
True Strain
total total
f
total
total
e e
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
'
= = = =
'
= + + =
= = =
= = =
= = =
693 . 0
5 . 1
0 . 3
ln ln
693 . 0
182 . 0
5 . 2
0 . 3
ln ln
223 . 0
0 . 2
5 . 2
ln ln
288 . 0
5 . 1
0 . 2
ln ln
0
3 2 1
2
3
3
1
2
2
0
1
1
c
c c c c
c
c
c
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Example 2

Calculate True and Engineering
at necking
psi
5 . 0
000 , 100 c o =
UTS
o
n = c
( )
psi
A
P
A P
e A A P
e A A n
A
A
Kn
UTS
neck
neck
n
850 , 42
850 , 42
5 . 0 ln
70710 5 . 0 000 , 00 1
0
0
5 . 0
0
5 . 0
0
0
5 . 0
= =
=
= =
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =

o
o o
o
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End
Questions ?
17
Todays Lecture
Stress-Strain State:
Hookes Law
Yield Criteria:
1) Tresca
2) von Mises
Effective Stress and Strain
Work of Deformation and Temperature
Case Studies
18
Stress State - Triaxial Stress
Equilibrium:

Principal Stress

= 0
i
F

= 0
i
M
1
o
2
o
3
o
3 2 1
o o o > >
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Strain State - Triaxial Strain
Principal Strain
1
c
2
c
3
c
3 2 1
c c c > >
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Stress-Strain Relationship in Triaxial State
Generalized Hookes Law





Example:
In Tension,
( ) | |
( ) | |
( ) | |
2 1 3 3
3 1 2 2
3 2 1 1
1
1
1
o o u o c
o o u o c
o o u o c
+ =
+ =
+ =
E
E
E
0
3 2
= =o o
E
E
1
3 2
1
1
o u
c c
o
c
= =
=
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Yield Criteria
Tresca
von Mises

Difference < 15%
Ductile Mats Breaks at Max. Shear Stress,
while Brittle at Max. Normal Stress
y
o o o o o o o = ) , , max(
3 1 3 2 2 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
y
o o o o o o o = + +
22
Effective Stress and Effective Strain
Convenient Way of Expressing the Stress State
Effective Stress - based on principal stress



Effective Stress - based on normal stress



( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 1
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
3 1
2
1
o o o o o o o
o o o
+ + =
=
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) | |
5 . 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
6
2
1
xz yz xy z x z y y x
t t t o o o o o o o + + + + + =
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Effective Stress and Effective Strain
Convenient Way of Expressing the Strain State
Effective Strain
(Tresca)


(von Mises)

( )
3 1
3
2
c c c =
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 1
2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
3
2
c c c c c c c + + =
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Work of Deformation & Temp.
Specific Energy (deformation work per unit volume)



Work

Temperature
3 3 2 2 1 1
c o c o c o d d d du + + =
}
=
c
c o
0
d u
volume u W =
c
u
T

= A
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Example 1 - Stress State & yield
Q: P?
Tresca:
Von Mises:
t
r
2
o
1
o
l
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) stress plane shell thin
t
pr
rt
r p
A
F
F r p
t
pr
tl
rl p
A
F
F rl p
, 0
2 2
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2 2
2
1
1
1 1
=
= = = =
= = = =
o
t
t
o t
o
( ) ( ) ( )
r
t
p
r
t
p
t
pr
y
y
y
y y
3
2
2
2 2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
3 1
o
o o o o o o o
o
o o o o
=
= + +
= = =
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Example 2 - Stress State & yield
Q: P?
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
2 2
2 2
3
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
1
1 1
2
=
= = = =
= = = =
o
t
t
o t
t
t
o t
t
pr
rt
r p
A
F
F r p
t
pr
rt
r p
A
F
F r p
( ) ( ) ( )
r
t
p
r
t
p
t
pr
y
y
y
y
y y
o
o o o o o o o
o
o
o o o o o o
2
2
2
2
2 2
3 1
2
3 2
2
2 1
2 1 3 1
=
= + +
= =
= = =
Tresca:
Von Mises:
t
r
2
o
1
o
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Example 3 - Work and Temp.
Q: W and T?
( )
( )
( )
( )
0
2 2
2 2
3
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
1
1 1
2
=
= = = =
= = = =
o
t
t
o t
t
t
o t
t
pr
rt
r p
A
F
F r p
t
pr
rt
r p
A
F
F r p
t
r
2
o
1
o
f
r
0
1 1
2 2 1 1
0
2 2
0
1 1
0 0
2 1
ln 2 2
ln
2
2
ln
2 1
r
r
d d u
r
r
r
r
f
y
f f
o c o
c o c o c o c o
t
t
c c
c c
= =
+ = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
} }
28
Example 3 - Work and Temp.
c
r
r
c
u
T
r
r
t r
t r
r
r
Volume u W
f
y
f
y
f
y

o t
t o
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
ln 2
ln 8
) 4 ( ) ln 2 (
= = A
=
- =
- =
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End
Questions ?