Definisi

Berasal dari bahasa Greek, anti = melawan, sepsis =

pembusukan
Bahan yang membunuh atau menghambat
pertumbuhan mikroorganisme
Mencegah terjadinya infeksi dengan penghambatan
terhadap pertumbuhan kuman /penyebab infeksi
Digunakan pada kulit

Definisi
Bahan yang merusak, menetralisir atau
menghambat pertumbuhan dari
mikroorganisme sumber penyakit.
Bahan yang merusak secara cepat
mikroorganisme patogen untuk mencegah
terjadinya infeksi
Digunakan pada benda/barang (lantai,
peralatan)
Merusak dinding protein, terjadi kematian sel
Meningkatkan permeabilitas membran sel shg
komponen vital sel keluar, terjadi kematian sel
Metabolisme terganggu, terjadi kematian sel
Mengoksidasi komponen sel, terjadi kematian
sel
Sifat kimia
Konsentrasi
Durasi
Sensitivitas dari mikroba
Jenis mikroba (bakteri gram +/-, Virus)
Lingkungan (pH, suhu, bahan lain)

Merusak semua jenis mikroba
Bekerja secara cepat
Durasi kerja panjang
Stabilitas tinggi
Toksisitas dan efek samping kecil-
tidak ada
Murah dan mudah penggunaannya
Alcohol
Aldehyde
Halogens
Heavy metal
Oxidizing agents
Phenol

Surface active agents
Acids
Nitrofurazone
Ethylene oxide
Miscellaneous
Mengubah protein dan lipid :
Acids/ Basic
Alcohols
Phenolics
Biguanides
Memecah ikatan kimia : Aldehydes,Enzymes
Meningkatkan ion positif (Oksidant) : Halogens,
H2O2, Ozone

Alcohols
Chlorhexidine
Oxidizing agents
: Iodine, Iodophors
: Peroxides
- Hydrogen peroxide
- Potassium permanganate

Heavy Metals : Mercuric bichloride
Phenols and Related Compounds
Surfaceactive compounds : Soaps
Oxidizing agents : Chlorine
Reducing agents : Aldehydes
Surface-active compounds : QACs
Vapor-phase Disinfectants
Disinfectant agents
Alcohol
Most used: Ethyl (Ethanol) and
Isopropyl alcohol
Lipid soluble lipoprotein cell
membrane denature cell
membrane precipitate protein
Maximal effect: conc. 70% ethyl and
50% isopropyl alcohol

Excellent effects: Vegetative both Gr+
and - (Including TB)
Moderate effects: Lipophilic viruses
(herpes simplex, HIV) and Fungi
Non-effect: Bacterial spores,Hydrophilic
viruses
Organic matter (action)

Most ethanol used at 60-95%,
particular 70% w/v is best action
Not recommend for high level
disinfectant
-blood protein denature and
adhere to instrument
-prolong use: damage lenses,
rubber, plastic instruments
Rapid evaporation
Limit contact time
The largest reduction in bacterial
count (1-3 min, kill 80% of bact.)
The safest antiseptic
Adverse effects:
drying skin
Not for fresh or open wound
(irritate)
local irritation
damaging corneal tissue

Biguanides
Chlorhexidine
Chlorhexidine gluconate
Bactericidal action
Rapidly action
Disrupt the cell membrane and
precipitate cell content
Better against vegetative bacteria gram
+ than gram
Less effective for fungi
Non effect viruses
No action on spores
Chx formulation 4% conc. (most
effective)
The longest residual activity(5-6 hrs.)
Retained action in organic matter


Oxidizing agents
Bactericidal, short action
Releasing gas O2: Hydrogen peroxide
Non releasing gas: Potassium
permanganate
Iodine Oxidizing Antiseptic Halogen
releasing agents Chlorine (Disinfectant)

Iodine
Less reactive than chlorine
Rapidly bactericidal(Gr+/-)
Fungicidal, tuberculocidal, virucidal and
sporicidal (Lipophillic)
Interfere metabolic reaction, disrupt
protein and nucleic acid structure &
synthesis
1-2% iodine solution in 70% ethyl alc.
(Tincture of iodine) 90%
Aqueous iodine solution 5% (Logols
solution) e.g. pyometra
Churchills iodine (6.5% Alc.)
Irritating & allergenic skin, corrssive, delay
healing
Active greater than alcohol
Indication: antiseptic and disinfectant
Tip: Iodine 1-2% added to Alc for
thermometer disinfectant can increase
activity against spores and viruses.
Iodophor
Complexed with a solubilizing agent
(surfactant or povidone)
iodine carriers or iodine-releasing
agentsCarrier; Detergents, wetting
agents Water soluble
Increase free iodine releasing
Act similar to tincture of iodine
Tissue permeability, enhancing efficacy
Bactericidal ,verudical , mycobactericidal
agent ; act as rapidly as Chx
Prolong contact time: kill fungi , bact.
spores
Prolong action (4-6 hrs.)
Retained action in organic matter
10 % iodine : maximal killing effect
1% minimal toxic
Less irritating, allergic, corrosive
Excellent antiseptic and disinfectant
Indication: skin cleanser, surgical scrub
Hydrogen peroxide
3-90 % H2O2 in water (Most use 3%)
Short acting agent but rapidly action
Bactericidal agent (Gr+/-)
Lipophillic virus (related catalase and
peroxidase enzymes)
Act as an oxidant by producing hydroxyl
free radicals(*OH) attack essential cell
components (lipids, proteins, and DNA)
Act on superficial tissue
Less toxic but damage tissue
Indication:
cleaning contaminated wound
deodorizing, not routine cleaning
Used in the disinfection of soft contact
lenses
Potassium permanganate
Antiseptic and disinfectant agents
Broad antimicrobial agents
Non releasing gas
Turn brown colourInactivated
Intense purple color in solution: stains
tissues and clothing brown
Used for wound and prepare foods

Effective algicide (0.01%) and virucide (1%)
Conc.>1:5,000 (irritate tissues)
Conc 1: 10,000 Bactericidal

Heavy metal
Mercuric chloride : merbromin, thimerosal,
nitromersol, phenylmercuric nitrate
Mercurochrome..?
Act as Bacteriostatic
Inhibit sulfhydryl enzyme of bacterial cells
Inhibit metabolism and precipitate protein
Inhibit enzyme action of bacteria and
tissues
Thimerosal
Sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate
Mercuric 49% w/v
Inhibit metabolism and precipitate protein
Merthiolate
Used on fresh wound, not on burn or
chronic wound
Used in preservative vaccine, tattoo ink,
skin test agent ect.


Phenol and related compounds
The oldest antiseptic compounds
Cytoplasmic poisonspenetrating,
disruption cell walls
Bacteriostatic (conc.0.1-1%)
Bactericidal, fungicidal, virucidal (conc.1-
2%)
Conc 5 % : Kill anthrax spores 48 hr
(strongly irritating, corrosively tissues)
Oral :CNS effects
Ingestion :Cardiovascular effects
Main usage : disinfection of equipment

Cresol (cresylic acid):
Bactericidal agent
less toxic
Commonly used disinfectant (inanimate
objects)
Sporicidal Anthraxs spore
2 % Cresol (Lysol)
Chloroxylenols:
Broad-spectrum bactericidal agent
activity against gram + > -
PCMX and DCMX
Hexachlorophene
Xylenol with composition of Cl-
Strong bacteriostatic action
Most effect on Gr+ > -
Less effect on viruses or spores
Used in medicated soap(conc. 3%), surgical
scrub
May be cause Neurotoxic
Parachlorometaxylenol (Dettol)
Aromatic chemical compound in chemistry
known as chloroxylenol
Low toxicity, Low metal corrosivity,
Effective against : Bacteria, Fungi, yeast
(3.3%w/v)
More effective Gr+ than Gr-
Less effect on viruses, fungi and spores
Slow onset action
Mode of action Disrupt the bacterial cells
membrane and enzyme inactivation
Tricosan
Bactericidal effect Gr +
Effect : Gr- and yeasts
When combined with EDTA
increased permeability of the outer
membrane
Inhibit uptake of essential nutrients on
the cytoplasmic membrane
Surfaceactive compounds
Soups
Anionic surface-active agents
Sodium, Potassium salts of fatty acid
Most soaps dissolve in water (pH 7.0-10.0)
Remove dirt from skin surfaces (surface
secretion, desquamated epithelium,
bacteria)
Disinfectant agents
Oxidizing agent:
Chlorine
* Gas form is toxic Chemical water soluble
forms hypochlorus (HOCl), oganic chloride
* Action inhibition of cellular enzymatic
reaction, protein deneturation, inactivation of
nucleic acids
*(HS) Bactericidal, (MS) Fungicidal (S)
Virucidal, Protozoacidal, Sporcidal

Recommend doses;1-100 ppm (mg/l)
Disadvantages :Corrosively metal, destroy
fabric, strongly odor
Quickly react with organic matter
inactivated
Sanitize dairy equipment, hospital floors,
animal, housing quarters

Sodium hypochlorite
Sodium hypochlorite = NaOCl
Action as chorline
Lipid envelope viruses e.g. Avain flu
Most known as hard-surface disinfection
(household bleach)
Haiter

Reducing agents: Aldehydes
Formaldehyde
Liquid form > Gas form
Slowly action; need contact time 6-12 hrs.
Act by protein precipitation via Alkylation
with alkylating amino and sulhydryl group
of protein
Bactericidal both Gr+ and and TB
Virucidal ( e.g FMD)
Modulate for Fungicidal and Sporicidal
agents.
Formaldehyde 37% on market
Non-corrosively metals, paint, fabric
Combine with Alc :chemical sterilant
for surgical instrument
Low conc.(1ppm) are irritating soft
tissues (eye, nose), pungent odor
Light sensitive (keep in dark)
Carcinogenic agent
Glutaraldehyde
Act as formaldehyde
More efficacy than formaldehyde
Bactericidal(2min), Virucidal, Sporicidal(3
hr),Fungicidal(10 min) action
Less adverse effect
Non corrossive Instruments
Stable in acid
Recommended conc. : 2% w/v
Cidex (Glutaraldehyde 2% in 70%
Isopropanol)
Shelf life 28-30 day

Surface-active compounds
QACs
(Quaternary Ammonium Compounds;
cationic detergent)
: benzalkonium chloride
Bacteriostatic or cidal action (Conc?)
Good efficacy in basic condition
Denature protein
Active bact. Gr+ than Gr-
Inactivated in organic debris, hard water,
anionic soap.
Fungistatic,
Inactivate viruses (exp. Newer generation)
Inactivate spores
Sanitation of non-critical surfaces

Vapor-phase Disinfectants
Ethylene and propylene oxides
Bactericidal,Virucidal, Fungicidal,
Sporicidal agents
Sterilizing animal feed, human food,
surgical equipment
Non-corrosive, flammability
Ethylene oxide > Propylene oxide