DISTILLATION

WHAT IS DISTILLATION
It is a process in which we separate the component on
the basis of boiling point.
There are a two section of distillation column
1. Rectifying section
It is the top section from the feed point (reflux return).
2.stripping section
It is the bottom section from the feed point
BOILING POINT
Boiling point is the temperature at which vapor pressure
of liquid become equal to atmospheric pressure .
TYPES OF DISTILLATION
1. DIFFERENTIAL /BATCH DISTILLATION
In batch distillation we can not get 100 % purity it is use
where the quantity of feed is less and where we get the
purity to our requirement and we can save energy in it. NO of
stage is fix in batch distillation. Example (steam distillation)


2.FLASH/EQUILIBRIUM /KNOCKOUT DISTILLATION
In this distillation we achieve the boiling point of any component quickly
by sudden reduction of pressure.
3. RECTIFICATION /CONTINUOUS DISTILLATION
In this distillation some amount of vapors are condense and return as a
reflux to get the purity of product etc.
4. EXTRACTIVE / AZEOTROPE DISTILLATION
WHAT IS REFLUX
Some amount of vapors of top product after condense return back to the
column.
USES OF REFLUX
1. Maintain the temp in the column.
2. Decrease the pressure of the column.
3. Give the desired purity of product.
4. Maintain the liquid level on plate.
FEED
Condenser
Top
product
Down comer
Weir plate
V vapors
REBOILER
liquid
Reflux
REFLUX RATIO
It is the ratio of top over flow/distillate
R= L
n
/ D
At total reflux D= 0 , NO of stage minimum
At minimum reflux NO of stage infinite
Condition more then minimum reflux called
workable condition.
HOW REFLUX WORKS IN A COLUMN
During the contact, vapors give latent heat to liquid and some of the light
component in the entering liquid is vaporized and leaves with the vapor ;
some of the heavy component in the entering vapor condenses and leaves
with the liquid.

TYPES OF TRAYS USED IN DISTILLATION COLUMN
BUBBLE CAP TRAY
There are a cap on this plate with a riser and with a rectangular
slots on their side. Advantage of this tray to use due to of its time
of contact is very high between vapors and liquid and get the
desired product but major disadvantage it has high pressure drop.

SIEVE TRAY
These are a perforated tray ,it is use where just
stripping of gas is done or where less time of contact
is required for light hydrocarbon .Advantage of this tray are it has
less pressure drop and sieve tray are < efficient than bubble cap
tray.


VALVE TRAY
These are similar as a bubble cap tray but as no
slots and risers and use for wide arrange flow
rate.
ARRANGEMENT OF LIQUID FLOW OVER THE TRAY
1. CROSS FLOW
It give good mass transfer between vapors and liquid .


2. REVERSE FLOW
Design for low liquid vapors ratio
3. DOUBLE PASS
Design for high liquid vapors ratio



WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF DIAMETER AND HEIGHT OF THE COLUMN
1. Diameter relates capacity /flow rate.
2. Height /NO of plates relates quality of product.
Feed point in a distillation column
we give feed on that plate at which the composition of the feed and plate
are same (Mol %) .if it put on different stage waves are produced in a
column and equilibrium is disturb .
Equilibrium in a distillation column
Equilibrium occur vapors that are living the plate from the top and
liquid that are leaving the same plate from the bottom and from this
plate we get product.

FEED
Condenser
Top
product
Down comer
Weir plate
V vapors
REBOILER
liquid
Reflux
DOWN COMER
It help to move fluid from one plate to next plate without
splashing.
WEIR PLATE
It maintain the level of liquid on plate.
WIPING IN A COLUMN
if velocity of the vapors is low, then water fall from
sieve plate is called wiping.
FLOOADING IN A COLUMN
When velocity of vapors increase then liquid back up to the upper
plate BZC vapors resist flow liquid then pressure drop increase and
heavy hydrocarbon goes with vapors.
LOADING IN A COLUMN
When velocity of vapors increase then liquid level drop in the
lower plate and loading occur. In a column loading first occur then
flooding occur.