Professional Documents
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Cathy Rushworth
Absorption spectroscopy
– Cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS)
– For gases, using mirrors
– For liquids, using fibre optics
Results so far
Challenges ahead
– including likely strategies for fibre-chip coupling
Page 2
Absorption spectroscopy
I
Beer-Lambert Law: e αcl
I0
Usually the path length is ~ 1 cm, but in a chip it can be 1000 times smaller
… How can we make absorption measurements on sample volumes this
small?
Page 3
CRDS – with mirrors
d
Intensity
c(1 R cl )
No absorber
Absorber present
Time
O’Keefe and Deacon 1988
Page 4
CRDS – with fibres
θ2
θ1
Core RI = 1.457
Cladding RI = 1.439
n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2
d
c( L cl )
Loock 2002
Page 5
Fiberguide Industries, Inc.
Fibre signal
Core
Cladding modes
Intensity
Core modes
Time
Start recording signal
after this point
Page 6
Sample measurements
Direct absorption
Taper
Page 7
Optical set-up
Page 8
Sample introduction
Page 9
Fibre-loop ring-downs
50 um core diameter fibre, l = 24 um,
In t e n s it y / a r b it r a r y u n it s
0.5 pL sample volume!
Water
τ = 224 ns
200
150
100
50
0
0.00E+00 2.00E-07 4.00E-07 6.00E-07 8.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.20E-06 1.40E-06
Time / s
12
Intensity / arbitrary units
10
8 R6G 0.1125 mM
6 τ =181 ns
4
2
0
0.00E+00 2.00E-07 4.00E-07 6.00E-07 8.00E-07 1.00E-06 1.20E-06 1.40E-06
Time / s
Page 10
End separation – in water
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.80
200 um
Transmission
0.75
0.70
0.65
105 um
0.60
50 um
0.55 100 um
0.50
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Separation / um
Page 11
5.00E-07
Air
SFS100 4.50E-07
4.00E-07
3.50E-07
Ring-down / s
3.00E-07
5.00E-07 2.50E-07
2.00E-07
4.50E-07
1.50E-07
4.00E-07 1.00E-07
5.00E-08
3.50E-07 0.00E+00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
3.00E-07
Ring-down / s
Separation / um
2.50E-07
2.00E-07
1.50E-07
1.00E-07
5.00E-08 Water
0.00E+00
0 50 100 150 200 250
Separation / um
Page 12
Finding optimum l and d – for SFS100
0
For a given αabsC,
dτ/dC (s M-1)
0 optimise l and d to
maximise sensitivity
0
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Separation / um
Waechter 2009
Page 13
Lensing
100 um
Page 14
Preliminary results – SFS50, l = 24 um, d = 4 m
250
Ringdown / ns
230
210
190
170
150
130
2.00E-04 2.50E-04 3.00E-04 3.50E-04 4.00E-04 4.50E-04 5.00E-04
Concentration of Rhodamine 6G in water / M
Page 15
Improvements
– Amplification
– Data analysis
Page 16
Options for fibre – chip coupling
Contact HF etching in situ
Uncleaved fibre
Chip
Fibre ends Chip
Channel – HF
Fibre ends flow
Non contact
Plan view
Fibre end
Chip
Observation
Chip
windows
Fibre ends
Remembering… Fibre alignment, Limit to end separation, RI (core) = 1.457
Page 17
Important considerations
Systems to study
– Light sources
– Detectors
– Absorption coefficient/concentration
Page 18
Acknowledgements
Questions?
Page 19