How Mobile Phone Networks

work?
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James Clerk Maxwell ( 1831-1879)
Regarded as the most able theoretical
physicist of the nineteenth century.

Acclaimed as the father of modern
physics.
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Heinrich Rudolf Hertz (1857 - 1894)
Experimentally demonstrated the
existence of electromagnetic
radiations.
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Gugleilmo Marconi
Historical Radio telegraph
transmissions from a ship in New York
Harbour to the Twin Lights in
Highlands New Jersey.

First Trans-atlantic transmission in
1901 .

Later it opened doors to Radio
Telephone system.
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The Real Hero - Sir J C Bose
Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a
bell at a distance using millimetre range
wavelength microwaves.

Guglielmo Marconi was celebrated
worldwide for this achievement, but the
fact that the receiver was invented by
Bose was totally concealed.


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Magic of Radio Waves
Ability to fill space information it carries is available everywhere throughout a
large area of coverage

It passes through many solids, and fills in behind obstructions through the mechanisms of
reflection and diffraction.

It allows us to reach a particular person anytime, anywhere,.

Lower frequencies can reach further beyond the visible horizon and are better at
penetrating physical obstacles such as rain or buildings.

Higher frequencies have greater data-carrying capacity, but less range and ability to
pass through obstacles.

For many wireless applications, the best trade-off of these factors occurs in the frequency
range of roughly 400MHz to 4GHz.

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Mobile Communication Principles
Whenever a mobile wants to
communicate with another device, the
base station allots it a temporary
channel.
Each channel uses a pair of
frequencies:
1) Forward link
2) Reverse link


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Mobile Tower/ Base Station
How Devices Communicate with each
other?
Suppose Mobile A wants to communicate with Mobile B.

As voice is converted by the handset into digital data which is encoded at a
specific radio frequency.

It is then transmitted into the environment by an antenna to the network
operators nearest tower or base station.

It is then transferred to another base station serving the Bs location and then a
link is established between Mobile A and Mobile B.

Now data can be transferred between A and B and the encoded radio signal
is converted back into audio through the earpiece.


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What was the Real Problem?
The radio spectrum within 400MHz to 4GHz was found to be the best for
communication and demand for this portion increased considerably.

Portions of this spectrum were allotted to radio and TV broadcasting, military
purposes, emergency communication, navigation aids etc.

The amount made available to each mobile phone operator is limited.



Still unable to realize the magnitude of the problem?

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Real problem started when the number of users increased..
Initially there was a single high power
transmitter located at the highest spot in
an area and would control all the mobiles
in a radius of up to 50kms.

But if the frequencies are the same, or
even too close, the signals interfere with
each other.

If too many call requests occur
simultaneously, the base station was
unable to serve all of them, as the
number of channels were limited.

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The Cellular Concept
The single large high power transmitter in a given area was replaced by
many small low power transmitters.
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Why are so many Base Stations required?
Network operators have to use the limited number of radio frequencies licensed
to them to support the maximum number of mobile phone users.

Concept of Frequency Re-Use

This is achieved by re-using any given radio frequency many times in a network
and carefully controlling base station power so that signals arising in different parts
of the network do not interfere with each other.



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Different Stations in a Mobile Network
a) Mobile Station (MS) Mobile + SIM card

b) Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

c) Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

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Mobile
Switching
Centre
How a Mobile Call is made?
Suppose Mobile A wants to connect with Mobile B.

When a mobile is idle, it searches for a strong signal because it
may be under the coverage area of more than one base station.

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Strong Signal ???
Step1: When a user wants to make a call, he sends a call request to
the MSC. He also sends the MIN of the person to whom the call has
to be made.


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CALL REQUEST
BASE
STATION
CALL REQUEST
MOBILE
SWITCHING
CENTRE
MIN of B MIN of B
Step2: The MSC checks the validity of mobile A and if found valid , it
sends this MIN to all the base stations connected to it.


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MOBILE
SWITCHING
CENTRE

Base
Station

Base
Station
Base
Station

Base
Station
Step 3: The base station transmits this MIN to all the mobiles within the coverage
area of that base station and each mobile compares the received MIN with its
own MIN. If found to be same , sends back an ACK.


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MOBILE
SWITCHING
CENTRE

Base
Station
Base
Station

Base
Station

Base
Station

Mobile B
Tips to use mobile effectively
Use a mobile phone with a low SAR

Dont carry your phone in your pockets
if you do, point the keypad towards your body and the back of the phone
away from your body.

Use your speakerphone

Get wired

Wait for the call to connect before you put the phone up to your
ear.

Dont sleep with an active phone beside your bed.
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Tips to use mobile effectively
Listen more, talk less

Use an EMF radiation protection shield like the CieAura EMF
holographic Chip

Dont use mobile while charging

Reduce your phone usage:
in an area of weak signal
While on the move, In lifts, buildings

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THANK YOU !!!
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