Motors & Motor Starters

Prepared By:
Erik Redd
&
Jeremy Roberts
Induction motor Working principle, Squirrel
Cage Induction motor , Slip-ring induction
motor-
Construction and characteristics, starting and
speed control.
D.O.L Starter, Star /Delta starter,
Autotransformer starter.
Single phase induction motor-
Working principle, different method of starting
and running (capacitor start/capacitor run,
shaded pole technique). FHP motors.
Motors
AC-Motors
Parts of an Electric Motor
A. Stator : Stationary Frame
B. Rotor : Revolving Part

The rotary motion in an ac-motor is caused by the
fundamental law of magnetism.
This law states that like poles repel and unlike poles attract.


Diagram of an ac-motor
This shows a three
phase, two pole stator.

Where A, B, and C are
the three phases

Diagram of the Three Phases
Fig. 13-2 Pg. 244
Poles 1 and 4 are at their greatest magnetic field at
time equal to one, because phase A (red line) is
connected to those poles, and the same for the
other poles when their corresponding phases are at
maximum current magnitude.
Synchronous Speed
Speed at which it takes the motor to go one cycle and
one revolution.

S=[120*frequency}]
(# poles)

Example:
For a three-phase, 60 Hertz, 2 pole motor:
S=[120*60]/2=3600 revolutions per minute

Polyphase Squirrel-Cage
Induction Motors
The most common three-phase
motor
Does not have solid poles
Instead, it has laminations:
numerous flat sheets held together
in a package. They are insulated
from each other (this reduces Eddy
currents) making up the stator
The difference between induction
and synchronous motors is that the
rotor for an induction motor can
travel at a different speed than the
stator. This is called Slip.
slip= Syn. rpm Motor rpm *100
Syn. rpm



Example.
A 2 pole, 60 Hz motor runs at a full-load
speed of 1760 rpm.
What is the slip?

Ans. %slip= 3600-1760*100
3600
=51.1%

Single-Phase Motors
Supplied by single source of ac voltage
Rotor must be spun by hand in either direction,
does not have a starting mechanism
Has no starting torque
Three different types of single-phase motors: split-
phase, capacitor start, permanent split-capacitor,
and shaded-pole motors
Resistance Split-Phase Motors
Has a start winding and a main
winding
Winding currents are out of
phase by 30 degrees, this
produces a flux field that starts
the motor
Main winding current (IM) and
start winding current (IS) lags
supply voltage (VL)
Start (inrush) current is high
Needs centrifugal starting
switch or relay to disconnect
the start winding (protects it
from over heating)
Efficiency is between 50-60%



Capacitor-Start Motors
Has the same winding and
switch mechanism arrangement
as split-phase but adds a short
time-rated capacitor in series
with the start winding
The time shift phase between
the main and start winding is
close to 90 degrees
IS leads VL
Efficiency is between 50-65%
Capacitor controls the inrush
current





Permanent Split-Capacitor
Motors
Winding arrangement is the
same as the capacitor and split-
phase motors
Capacitor can run continuously,
rated in microfarads for high-
voltage ratings
No centrifugal switch is needed
IM lags VL, while IS leads VL
Efficiency is between 50-70%



Shaded Pole Motors
Simple construction, least
expensive
Has a run winding only,
shading coils are used instead
of the start winding
Stator is made up of a salient
pole, one large coil per pole,
wound directly in a single large
slot
A small shift in the rotor causes
torque and starts the motor
Efficiency is between 20-40%


DC Motors
Consists of an armature winding and a stator
winding
Armature windings act as the rotor
Has three different classifications: constant torque,
constant horsepower, or a combination of the two
Standard industrial dc motors are shunt wounded
Modifications of the dc motor are: shunt wound,
stabilized shunt exciting fields, compound wound
motors, and series wound motors

Armature Voltage Control
Is used for motor speeds below base speed
Output torque= T=k**IA
k is machine constant
is the main pole flux
IA is the armature current

Shunt Field Control
Is used for motor speeds above base speed
Horsepower, (HP)= Torque*rpm
5252
Where torque is in lb-ft


Speed Regulation
Speed Regulation
(IR)= no load rpm- full load rpm
full load rpm

Brushless DC Motors
Three phase ac power is converted into dc
by the input side of the motor to charge up a
bank of storage capacitors
These capacitors are called the Buss
The purpose of the buss is to store energy
and supply dc power to transistors in the
output side as the motor requires the power
to start up
Brushless DC Motors
Figure 13-21, page 264 shows the input power
section
It consists of three fuses, six diodes, a choke, and
two capacitors
The fuses protect the diodes
The choke protects against line transients
The motor control may run at very low speeds at
very high torques while drawing little current from
the ac line

Brushless DC Motors
This picture is a
representation of the
encoders (rotor part of
the motor) telling the
corresponding
transistors (stator) to
turn on in order to get
maximum torque from
the motor
Picture of a Brushless Motor
Motor Control Starters
Motor will draw high inrush current while the
starter will slow current down
Starter reduces the amount of torque needed to
start the motor
Magnetic Motor Starter
Normally open contacts
Not always possible to control amount of
work applied to the motor
Has overloads
Motor may be overloaded resulting in damage
to the motor
Open due to excessive motor current, high
temperature, or a combination of both

Full-Voltage Starter
Contains one set of
contacts
Motor is directly
connected to the line
voltage
Reversing Motor Starter
Contains two starters of equal size
Two starters connect to the motor
Interlocks are used to prevent both starters from
closing their line contacts at the same time
Figure 14-4A
Reduced-voltage Motor Starter
Applies a percentage of the total voltage to start
(50% - 80%)
After motor rotates, switching is provided to apply
full voltage
Torque will be reduced when starting
Four types:
1) Autotransformer
2) Primary Resistance
3) Wye Delta
4) Part Winding
Autotransformer Starter
Two contactors are used:
1) Start contactor
- Closes first and connects motor to the line
through an autotransformer
- Deenergizes
2) Run contactor
- Motor switches to this contacter which has
full voltage


Primary Resistor Starter
Two contactor
1) Line contactor
- First to energize connecting motor to the
line voltage through a resistor
- After preset time, contactor opens
2) Accelerating contactor
- Energizes
- Causes smooth acceleration to full voltage
Wye Delta Starter
Three contactors are used
1) Line contactor and start contactor
- Energizes first and connects motor in wye
putting about 58% of line voltage across
each motor phase
- Contacts open after preset time
2) Run contactor
- Energizes connecting motor in delta and
putting full voltage on the motor
Part Winding Starter
Starter supplies about 48% of normal starting torque
Not truly a reduced-voltage means
Two Types
1) Two-Step - one winding connected to
full voltage line and, after a preset time,
the other connects
2) Three-Step one winding is connected in series
with a resistor to the voltage line; after interval, resistor
is shorted out and then second line is connected to
full voltage line
Solid-State Motor Starter
For lower starting
torque and smooth
acceleration
Used on conveyors,
pumps, compressors,
etc.
Standard Modes of Operation
Motor voltage gradually increases during
acceleration
Creates a kick start pulse of 500% of full
load amperage for high friction
Used when necessary to limit current
Used when motor requires a full voltage
start