Combustion Analysis of Gasifier

A
Seminar
On

Content
Introduction of gasifier
History
Gasification process in a gasifier
Different processes during gasification
Drying
Pyrolysis
Combustion
Oxidation
Advantages of Gasification
Chemical Reactions
Types of Gasifier








Product Gas
Combustion Analysis
Why to perform combustion analysis?
Measures in combustion analysis of gasification fuels
Suitability of various gasifier fuel
Analysis for operating performance of gasifier
Gasifier efficiency


GASIFIER
It is the unit in which combustible fuel is heated
and flammable hydrocarbon gases are driven off
This gas is called the syngas and the process is
called the gasification.
Syngas is then scrubbed in filters to remove
particulate matter and any corrosive chemicals,
before being used.
It is used as a fuel to power turbine and other
machines, used in automobiles, used for
production of hydrogen, ammonia and other
gases, used in chemical industries.



DIAGRAM
GASIFICATION PROCESS IN GASIFIER
Gasification is a process that converts organic or fossil
based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide,
hydrogen, carbon dioxide and methane.
This is achieved by reacting the material at high
temperatures (>700C), without combustion, with a
controlled amount of oxygen and/or steam.
The resulting gas is the syngas (also called as the producer
gas) which is also a fuel.
The power derived from gasification of biomass and
combustion of the resultant gas is considered to be a
source of renewable energy.



DIFFERENT PROCESSES DURING GASIFICATION
1) The Dehydration or drying process occurs at
around 100C. The resulting steam is mixed into
the gas flow and involved with subsequent
chemical reactions.
2) The Pyrolysis (or devolatilization) process
occurs at around 200-300C. Volatiles are
released and char is produced, resulting in up
to 70% weight loss for coal. Results in
Hydrogen and Methane.
3) The Combustion process occurs as the volatile
products and some of the char reacts with
oxygen to primarily form carbon dioxide and
small amounts of carbon monoxide, which
provides heat for the subsequent gasification
reactions.
C + O
2
CO
2
4) The Gasification process occurs as the char
reacts with carbon and steam to produce carbon
monoxide and hydrogen. Temperature range from
1000C-1500C
C+H
2
O H
2
+ CO



ADVANTAGE OF
GASIFICATION
The advantage of gasification is that using the
syngas is potentially more efficient than direct
combustion of the original fuel because it can be
combusted at higher temperatures.
The thermodynamic upper limit to the efficiency
defined by Carnot's rule is higher
Gasification can also be done with material which
would otherwise have been disposed of such as
biodegradable waste.

CHEMICAL REACTION IN
GASIFICATION
Combustion reactions
C + O
2
CO
CO + O
2
CO
2

H
2
+ O
2
H
2
O

The Boudourd reaction
C + CO
2
2 CO

The Water Gas reaction
C + H
2
O CO + H
2


The Methanation reaction
C + 2 H
2
CH
4


TYPES OF GASIFIER
There are many type of gasifiers available in the
market, mainly used are:
1) Counter-current fixed bed ("up draft") gasifier
2) Co-current fixed bed ("down draft") gasifier
3) Fluidized bed reactor
4) Entrained flow gasifier
5) Plasma gasifier





UP DRAUGHT OR COUNTER CURRENT
GASIFIER
DOWN DRAUGHT OR CO-CURRENT
GASIFIER
CROSS-DRAUGHT GASIFIER
FLUIDIZED BED GASIFIER
REMOVAL FROM THE PRODUCT
GAS
Tars
Halogens/Acid Gases
Heavy Metals
Alkalis
COMBUSTION ANALYSIS
Combustion analysis is part of a process intended
to improve fuel economy, reduce undesirable
exhaust emissions and improve the safety of fuel
burning equipment.
Combustion analysis is a method that is used to
determine the atomic make up of a substance
An accurately measured mass of an unknown
substance is taken and burned under controlled
conditions, in order to analyze the products of
combustion, and thus determine the empirical
formula of the sample
WHY PERFORM COMBUSTION
ANALYSIS?
Improve Fuel Efficiency
Reduce Emissions
Improve Safety
MEASURES IN COMBUSTION
ANALYSIS OF GASIFICATION FUELS
Need For Selection Of The Right Gasifier For
Each Fuel
energy content of the fuel
Moisture Content Of The Fuel
Volatile Matter
Ash Content And Ash Chemical Composition
Fixed Carbon
Reactivity Of The Fuel
Particle Size And Size Distribution
Bulk Density Of The Fuel
Charring Properties Of The Fuel
ASSESSMENT OF THE SUITABILITY
OF VARIOUS TYPES OF BIOMASS AS
GASIFIER FUEL
Charcoal
wood
Sawdust
Peat
Agricultural Residues

ANALYSIS FOR OPERATING
PERFORMANCE OF GASIFIER
Analysis For Operating Performance Of Gasifier
Excess Air
Calculating The Carbon Dioxide Concentration
Determining Combustion Efficiency
Emission Conversions
Nitrogen Oxides (NO
x
)
Sulfur Di Oxide (SO
2
)
Hydrocarbons (HC
s
)/Volatile Organic Compounds
(VOC
s
)
Soot

GASIFIER EFFICIENCY
If the gas is used for engine application efficiency will be
calculated by formula:

If the gas is used for direct burning efficiency will be
calculated by formula:

Gas Flow Rate


Pressure Drop
Fuel Consumption Measurement

REFERENCES
[1] Go mez-Barea and B. Leckner, Modeling of biomass
gasification in fluidized bed Progress in Energy and
Combustion Science, pp. 444509, 2010
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasification#cite_note-nnfcc-0
accessed on 19
th
September 2010
[3] http://www.bqpes.com/gasification-tech-history.php
accessed on 20
th
September 2011
[4] http://wiki.gekgasifier.com/w/page/6123791/Open-
top%20down-draft%20 gasifier accessed on 22
th
September
2011
[5] M.J.Groeneveld and W.P.M van Swaais, Gasification of
solid waste Potential and Application of co-current moving
bed Gasifiers, Applied Science Publishers ltd. pp. 166-167,
1979.
[6] Ratnadhariya J.K. and Channiwala S.A.,Three zone
equilibrium and kinetic free modelling of biomass gasifier a
novel approach, Renewable Energy (34), page 1050 1058,
2009.

[7] S. Dasappa, H.V. Sridhar, G. Sridhar, P.J. Paul, H.S.
Mukunda, Biomass gasificationa substitute to fossil fuel for
heat application Biomass and Bioenergy pp. 637 649,
2003
[8] A.J. Gokhale and R. mahalingam, Effect of particle size
on lignite devolatilization in a fixed bed reactor, fuel 64
(1994).
[9] http://gekgasifier.com/gasification-basics/how-it-works/
accessed on 2
nd
October 2011
[10] Assessment of the commercial potential for small
gasification combined cycle and fuel cell systems phase II
final draft report HM Associates Inc., March 2003
[11] http://w2es.com/gasification.php accessed on 10th
October 2011
[12] Book by FAO Forestry Department, Wood gas as engine
fuel PDF version
[13]http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/turbines/r
efshelf/handbook/1.2.1.pdf accessed on 28th October 2011


[14] Buekens A., Huang H., Comparative evaluation of
techniques for controlling the formation and emission of
chlorinated dioxins/furans in municipal solid waste
incineration, Journal of Hazardous Materials.,1998
[15] Evans, R.J., Milne, Chemistry of Tar Formation and
Maturation in the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass.
Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, Vol.
2.,1997
[16] Handbook by TSI , the Basics of Combustion Analysis,
2004
[17] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combustion analysis
accessed on 6
th
November 2011
[18] D. Yogi Goswami, Alternative Energy in Agriculture,
Chapter (No. 4) Vol. II,CRC Press, pp. 83-102,1986
[19] Chandrakant Turare, Biomass Gasification Technology
and Utilisation, pp 11-19,2011
[20] Rade Karamarkovic and Vladan Karamarkovic, Energy
and exergy analysis of biomass gasification at different
temperatures, Energy 35, pp 537549, 2010

Thank You