RISPIRATORY SYSTEM &

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

BY : DR. MUHAMMAD ANWAR

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
 Human body can be compared to Combustion
Engine.

In Combustion Engine
Fuel O2 Co2 + Energy (Results in
locomotion)
In Humans
FOOD O2 Energy(which causes
muscles movement) + by products like CO2,
H2O, Lactic acid, Urea, Creatinin.(They pass out
through Lungs, kidneys, skin)
 Digestive System provides the Fuel. (food
Nutrients)
 Respiratory System Provides O2
 Factory is Cell

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BREAHING CYCLE

 Normal Breathing rate = 14/

min at rest
BREATHING
 It increases during exercises, CYCLE
fever, nervousness.
 Inspiration _________during
which air goes into lungs.
 Expiration_________ during INSPIRATION EXPIRATION
which air goes out of lungs
 Then pause and the cycle
repeats.

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 ANATOMY
 Nasal Cavity continues into a space behind
the nose (Nasophyrnx)
 Nasophyrnx continues into Larynx (Top
of wind pipe)
 Larynx is protected by Epiglottis which
does not allow passage of food or water
into wind pipe.
 In Larynx are vocal cords which help in
speech and raising of voice.
 Larynx Trachea consists of
incomplete cartilage ring.
Divide
Two Bronchi (one for each lung)

Bronchoile

Alveoli (air sacs) single layered

spaced lined outside by capillaries.
 Lungs are lined outside by double layered
closed space.(Pleural space)
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 HOW RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
WORKS
 CO2 in the blood is stimulant for respiratory center in the brain.
-Under order from brain, respiratory
muscles act
-Rib cage moves outwards
-Diaphram lowers down
 Events for Inspiration
 Hence, the negative pressure in the Pleural Space pulls the
elastic lungs outwards.
 Negative pressure in lungs causes the air to ventilate the aveoli.
 Air inhaled contains O2, CO2, and other dust particles etc.
 Moisture and hair in the nasal cavity screens the dust particles.
 Surface with in the nasal cavity is uneven. Air strikes against
these uneven surfaces causes warning of air.
 So , some what purified air passes down to air sack.
 Here, -O2 goes out to blood
-And CO2 comes into air sacs from the
blood.
O2 level in blood builds up and CO2 lowers down,
so respiration stops.
 Events for Expiration:
Rib cage falls back Reduces chest space
(Thorax)
Diaphram Ascend
 And air from alveoli is expelled.(Expiration)
 So, CO2 is lost, and Heat lost is 10% of the total heat lost
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 HOW RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
WORKS
 When ventilation requirements are high as in heavy
physical exercises, then accessory respiratory muscles
come into action.(1/ costal muscle stermocleidomaseoid
 Respiratory ___ rate / min_________ no of times the
cycle is repeated= 14 / min
It increases with temperature anxiety, fear,
physical exercise.
 Respiratory Volumes = Spirometer

1. Tidal Volume = air inhaled during quite breathing

-Pulmonary Ventilation = Tidal Volume x

Respiration rate/ min

-During light exercises_____ tidal volume

Increases

-During Heavy exercises _____ No doubt

Tidal Volume is increased but frequency /
min.
It increases to 45 / min(Normal is 14/ min).
So min volume can be increased
from 5 litres to100 litres.

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 HOW RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
WORKS
2. Vital Capacity = VC ___ the amount of air exhaled
maximally after maximum inspiration.
Normally ¾ of VC is expelled in 1st sec and the
rest in next 2 seconds
Health = FEV1/ VC = > 70 %
FEV1____ largest volume which can be
expired from full inspiration in one second
Health => 3.5 L 75 % of force
vital capacity.
 Residual Volume _____ the amount of remaining air
after maximum expiration.

3. TLV (Total Lung Volume) = Residual Volume + VC

Normal persons= 6 Litres
Females 10 % less than males
Athletes 7 to 8 litres

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

 O2 from lungs cells For Metabolism

 Nutrients(Carbohydrates, Proteins, fats) cells
 Use full parts become the part of the Body.
 Wasteful Products like CO2, H2O, Heat, Urea, Creatinin are excreted out through skin, lungs,
kidney.

 Water contents in our body

 60 % of total weight in Males.
 50 % of total weight in Females.
 Blood is 10 % of the total body Fluid Volume
 5.0 litres for Males
 4.5 litres for Females

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CONTENTS OF BLOOD
 Watery Portion __________ Plasma Contains digested parts of food.
 Solid Portion ___________1. RBC (Red Blood Cells)
Carriers of O2, CO2
Hb___ four iron rings are attached to
globin
O2 is loosely and reversibly bound to it
CO2 is bound to it
CO has great affinity for Hb and
binds to it very quickly(Engine exhaust
coming into car, with windows closed)
2. WBC____ defense of Body
3. Platelet ___ help in clothing works.
Blood Group Antigen Anti body
A A B
B B A
AB AB -
O - AB

 Blood groups are designated according to antigen present on RBC

 Rh Factor ____ depending upon the presence/absence of this, each 9

group is further divided in to +ve and –ve (85 % and 15 %).

 BLOOD CIRCULATION
 Two types 1. Systemic 2. Pulmonary.
 Systematic circulation is controlled by left side of the
heart.
 Pulmonary circulation is controlled by Right side of
the heart.
 Artery carries blood from Heart to other
Body Parts,
 Veins carries blood from Other Part of
body to the Heart.
 Lt and Rt halves of the Heart work simultaneously
and normally, there is no mixing of unoxy-blood and
oxy-blood at heart level.

Next slide
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BLOOD CIRCULATION
UNOXYGENATED BLOOD

UPPER HALF-SUPER VENA CAVA LOWER HALF-INFERIOR VENA CAVA

RIGHT ATRIUM
TRICUSPID VALVE

RIGHT VENTRICLE(PULMONARY VALVE)

PULMONARY ARTERIES
(UNOXYGENATED BLOOD)

LUNGS
(BLOOD IS OXYGENATED +
CO2 WASHED OUT)

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BLOOD CIRCULATION
Lungs

Pulmonary veins
(OxyBlood)

Lt Atrium
Bicuspid (Mitral
Valve)
Lt Ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta (Oxy Blood)

Different parts of the body

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BLOOD CIRCULATION
Arteries Arterioles Capillaries (single cell layered
blood vessel, delivers O2 to the cells)
a) nutrients __ CHo, Amino acid, fatty acid
b) Secretion ____ Harmones
Waste products__CO2,H2O,H(passed
back to blood)

Venules

Veins

SVC IVA Rt Atrium

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 BLOOD CIRCULATION
Heart Beat 75 / min each cycle
60 / 75= 0.8 sec/ cycle
(contracts 0.3 sec and relax .5 sec)

• Heart Contract (Systole)___ pushes blood

into arteries
Aorta (Aortic valve)
Pulmonary Arteries (Pulmonary Valve)
Systole _____ Aortic valve opens, blood is
ejected into Aorta, so pressure increases in
Aorta.
Since less volume of blood can escape from
Aorta and its large branches, than what heart
is pumping, this excess amount of blood in
aorta is accommodated by its elastic 16
property.
 Heart circulation
Left Side of Heart
When heart has ejected its major portion
of blood, Aortic valve closes, Heart
relaxes(Diastole) ___ so blood from upper
half (Atrium) is drawn into ventricle.
 At rest = 50 % of blood contained in
ventricle is ejected (each time) called
stroke volume.
 50 % remains in ventricle___ (Residual
Volume)
 When exercise ____ rate of Heart
increases + stroke volume increases

At rest __rate of heart = 75/ min systole = 0.3 sec

(0.8 sec / each diastole = 0.5 sec)
When Heart rate increases= 150 / min systole = 0.2
(0.4 sec/ each diastole = 0.2)
So increasing in heart rate occurs mainly by shortening of diastole.
Right Side of Heart
Same events
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Pressure in Pulmonary Arteries 1/5th of that of Aorta
ELECTRO CARDIOGRAPHY
E.K.G
 Heart generates very small electrical potential,
recorded at body surface by different
electrodes, placed near chest and wrist and left
ankle.
 When an electric impulse moves towards an
electrode imprints +ve or upward wave
 When an electric impulse moves away from
electrode____ -ve or downward wave.
 EKG is recorded over a standardized graph
paper. It has large squares and small squares.
 Speed ____ 5 big square / sec
so one big square ____0.2 sec
 Electric potential ___ when 1Mv potential given
___ needle deflects two big square upwards
 Atrium____ contract_____ P wave
 Ventricle events___________ QRST wave

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Next slide
S.A. node

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Cardiac output

 Cardiac output :
Amount of blood ejected out per minute
Stroke Volume x Rate
 At rest = 5 liters / min
 Exercise = 35 liters / min
 Heart can pump much more blood what is
needed…so if less blood is reaching is
usually some fault in transporting vessels
(Arteries which may narrow because of
deposition of cholesterol, clot, etc, etc)
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Cardiac output
 Arteries have muscular walls, hence maintains
systolic pressure till it reaches consumer organs
(cells).
 Veins ____ large cross section , so less resistance to
flow.
 Blood from feet to heart ____ valve in veins directs
and control upward flow. Calf muscles are called
external heart contraction, squeezes blood upwards.
 When some muscles working simultaneously requires
more blood.
 Such demand met by an increase in Cardiac output,
diverting blood from less important organ, such as
skin.
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THANK YOU

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