CELL

introduction CELL THEORY

types
Without
nucleus
With
nucleus
PROKARYOTES
EUKARYOTES
Plant cell
Animal cell
2.5 CELL ARE
GROUPED INTO
TISSUES
OBJECTIVES
Describe the structure, distribution &
function of the following cell types &
specialised cell:
1. Meristem
2. Parenchyma
3. Collenchyma
4. Sclerenchyma
5. Xylem
6. Phloem
MERISTEM
One difference between plants and
animals is the location of growth.
When a young animal is growing, all
parts of its body grow.
But, when plants grow, their cells
divide only in a specific area, called
MERISTEMS
INTRODUCTION
MERISTEM
Composed of cells whose function
is
form new cells by mitotic
division
PLANT CELLS
Young cells
Divide actively
No differentiation
Many mature cells
Differentiation
MERISTEM
TISSUES
PERMANENT
TISSUES
STRUCTURE
small
thin-walled
central large nucleus
dense cytoplasm
small vacuoles

MERISTEM
Arrangements of cells:
closely packed
no intercellular air spaces
MERISTEM
MERISTEM
The apical meristem
roots
The lateral meristem
stem tissues
(cambium)
Types of meristems
shoots
The apical meristem
roots shoots
Function
for primary growth
The lateral meristem
stem tissues (cambium)
In older stems / roots
of woody plants.
Function:
responsible for secondary growth
to increase the diameter of stems & roots
PERMANENT
TISSUES
The tissues of a plant are organized into three tissue
systems: the dermal tissue system, the ground
tissue system, and the vascular tissue system.

Dermal tissue forms the outer protective
covering of plant (cuticle).

Ground tissue fills the interior of a plant
& tissue that is neither dermal tissue nor
vascular tissue.

Vascular tissue transports water &
nutrients in a plant & provides support.
PLANT TISSUE
MERISTEM TISSUE PERMANENT TISSUE
Ground tissue Vascular tissue
Parenchyma
Xylem Phloem
Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Modified
Epidermis
Mesophyll
Endodermis
Pericycle
Apical meristem
Lateral meristem
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma
Sclereid Fibre
Support
PARENCHYMA
PARENCHYMA
Cortex
Pith
Ground tissues
connecting pith to cortex
PARENCHYMA
LOCATION / DISTRIBUTION:
Cortex
Pith
Ground tissues
connecting pith to cortex
Parenchyma in Stem
PARENCHYMA
CELL STRUCTURE:
living cells
isodiametric shape / elongated cells
PARENCHYMA
CELL STRUCTURE:
Cell wall
- Primary wall
- No secondary wall
- Thin
- Cellulose, hemicellulose
& pectin
PARENCHYMA
CELL STRUCTURE:
Large central vacuole
Arrangement of cells
- loosely
- intercellular air spaces
PARENCHYMA
CELL STRUCTURE:
Nucleus pushed to the
periphery
Cytoplasm: thin layer
PARENCHYMA
FUNCTIONS:
Unspecialised cells
form major components of
ground tissue in stems & roots.
PARENCHYMA
FUNCTIONS:
Turgid cells give support
especially to herbaceous plants
stores food (eg. starch)

Intercellular spaces
Cell wall
Starch grains
Parenchyma cells taken from root
PARENCHYMA
FUNCTIONS:
for gaseous exchange.
(large intercellular air spaces)
for photosynthesis (contain chloroplast)
in modified cells: mesophyll cells
Modified PARENCHYMA
Some are modified or differentiated to
form specialised cells to carry out specific
functions.
Epidermis
Mesophyll
Endodermis
Pericycle
Modified PARENCHYMA
Epidermis
Functions:
provides covers and protection
secretes cuticle in leaves and stems
Cross section of a leaf
Modified PARENCHYMA
Mesophyll cells
Functions:
contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
two types:
Spongy mesophyll (loosely arranged)
Palisade mesophyll (elongated shape)

EPIDERMIS
Cell wall
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Parenchyma: Mesophyll cells taken from leaf
Modified PARENCHYMA
Endodermal Cells
form endodermis
cells are closely packed (no air spaces)
in the wall is Casparian strip
ring of wax, suberin
Functions:
control the amount of water and solutes
that enters the vascular system
ENDODERMIS : the structure
endodermis
Casparian
strip
Modified PARENCHYMA
Pericycle cells
found in roots
between endodermis & the central vascular
tissue
Functions:
It produces the root branches & the root
cambium.
pericycle
Cross section of a (dicot) root.
Cross section of a dicot root
pericycle
COLLENCHYMA
COLLENCHYMA
LOCATION / DISTRIBUTION:
below epidermis
midribs of leaves
leaf petioles (stalk)
Cross section : herbaceous (dicot) stems.
Vascular
bundle
Cross section : herbaceous dicot stems
collenchyma
epidermis parenchyma
Cross section of a leaf
Collenchyma
celery
Collenchyma cells from celery,
photographed under the 40x
objective. Notice the unevenly
thickened walls of these cells.
COLLENCHYMA
CELL STRUCTURE:
Living cells
Polygonal shaped,
elongated with
tapering ends
COLLENCHYMA
Primary cell walls:
thicker than in
parenchyma cells
the thickness is
uneven, especially
in the corners
cellulose, pectin &
hemicellulose.
No secondary wall
COLLENCHYMA
Cells arrangement:
Closely
Very small or no
intercellular air
space
Collenchyma
Primary cell wall:
thick in corners
COLLENCHYMA
FUNCTION:
For mechanical support in
Young plants
Herbaceous plants.
Give flexibility (elastic) to plants.
SCLERENCHYMA
SCLERENCHYMA
CELL STRUCTURE:
When mature:
cells often die
function to provide support
SCLERENCHYMA
Arrangements of cells:
Tightly packed
no intercellular air spaces
Primary cell wall
Secondary cell wall
Thickened by lignin
Very strong and hard
Not permeable to
water, solutes & gases
SCLERENCHYMA
Pit
Area without
secondary cell
wall
Lumen
Occurs when cell died
Area where protoplast
was when cell was
alive
SCLERENCHYMA
SCLERENCHYMA
CELL TYPES:
TWO types
Sclereids (stone cells)
Fibres
Sclerenchyma : Sclereids
Sclerenchyma : SCLEREIDS
CELL STRUCTURE:
Variable shape
Many Pits present in the cell wall
pits
Sclerenchyma : SCLEREIDS
CELL STRUCTURE:
May be living / dead at maturity
Also known as stone cells
Sclerenchyma : SCLEREIDS
LOCATION / DISTRIBUTION:
In the shells of nuts
Seed coats
In fruits (eg: pears, guava)
Sclerenchyma : SCLEREIDS
FUNCTION:
Form a protective coat around seeds
Eg: hard casings of nut shell
gives strength & support
Eg: Gives the gritty texture to pears
Sclerenchyma : Fibres
Sclerenchyma : FIBRES
CELL STRUCTURE:
Often dead at maturity
Has fewer pits than sclereids
Long & tapered
Sclerenchyma : FIBERS
LOCATION / DISTRIBUTION :
Throughout the plant body
Common in stems and certain leaves

FUNCTION:
Support
Provide mechanical strength & rigidity
primary
cell wall
secondary
cell wall
parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma
plasmodesma
primary
cell wall
cytoplasm
middle lamella
lumen
pits
primary
cell wall
(cellulose)
secondary
cell wall
(lignified)
primary cell wall
secondary cell wall
lumen
pits
middle lamella
VASCULAR TISSUE
(transport tissue)
XYLEM & PHLOEM
vascular
tissue
xylem
phloem
*Tracheids
*Vessel elements
Xylem Parenchyma
Xylem fibres
*Sieve tube members
*Companion cells
Phloem Parenchyma
Phloem fibres
VASCULAR TISSUE
XYLEM
*Tracheids
*Vessel elements
Xylem Parenchyma
Xylem fibres
XYLEM : Tracheids & Vessel Elements
CELL STRUCTURE
When the cells mature
They die
Become hollow
Remain only the cell walls
primary & secondary walls
XYLEM : Tracheids
CELL STRUCTURE
Long
Tapered
Have pits in the secondary wall
XYLEM : Tracheids
FUNCTION:
Conduct water and minerals in
Gymnosperms (non flowering plants)
Ferns (seedless plants)
XYLEM : Vessel Elements
CELL STRUCTURE:
The diameter of cell is bigger than those
of tracheids
The end walls
have holes (perforations)
or entirely dissolve away / break down
the cells combine to form a continuous
long hollow tubes.
perforation
Vessel Elements
XYLEM : Vessel Elements
FUNCTION:
conduct water and minerals in
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
More vessel elements (than tracheids) found
in angiosperms.
give mechanical support to the plants.
lignified (secondary) cell walls enable to
resist compression & tension.
XYLEM
scalariform
Xylem vessels showing various patterns of
lignification: rings, spiral, scalariform & pitted.
PHLOEM
*Sieve tube members
*Companion cells
Phloem Parenchyma
Phloem fibres
PHLOEM : Sieve tube members
CELL STRUCTURE:
Cell are elongated & tubular.
living cells
when mature, organelles that;
disintegrates: nucleus, ribosome, Golgi body
remains: mitochondria & ER
PHLOEM : Sieve tube members
CELL STRUCTURE:
end walls are perforated
forming sieve plates
allows cytoplasmic connections between the
sieve tube.
Sieve-tube
member
PHLOEM : Companion cells
CELL STRUCTURE:
living cells (smaller),
have a nucleus, dense cytoplasm & small
vacuoles.
adjacent to the sieve tube member
found only in angiosperms
link to sieve tube member

PHLOEM
FUNCTION:
Sieve tube members
Transport sugar & other organic nutrients
throughout the plants
Companion cells
Assist the functioning of sieve tube
members
Move sugar into sieve tube members
PHLOEM
FUNCTION:
Phloem fibres
Provide additional structural support to
herbaceous plants
STEM
ROOT
Extra
notes
Distribution

Cell shape
& Structure

Functions

Diagram
Meristem
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Schlerenchyma

Xylem
Phloem

PLANT
TISSUES
MERISTEM
TISSUES
PERMANENT
TISSUES
Primary
growth
Secondary
growth
root &
shoot
cambium
packing
tissue
support
tissue
Vascular /
transport
tissue
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma
Xylem
Phloem
Apical
meristem
Lateral
meristem
Ground
tissue
PERMANENT
TISSUES
transport
tissue
Xylem
packing
tissue
support
tissue
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Ground
tissue
Sclerenchyma
Herbaceous/
young plant
Woody
plants
transport
water /
mineral
Phloem
transport
organic
material
In nut shell,
seed coat, fruits
Sclereid
In stem
Fibre
wider narrower
Vessel
element
Tracheid
sieve tube
member
conduct
material
support
companion
cell
GROUND
TISSUE
with primary cell wall only with primary cell wall
& secondary cell wall
very thin,
cellulose,
loosely arranged
thick,
thicker at corners
cellulose +
pectin
tight arrangement
PARENCHYMA
COLLENCHYMA
SCLERENCHYMA
Secondary wall
thickened by
lignin
tight arrangement